price promised beyond the actual value of the necessaries. To make the minor's estate liable, two conditions must be fulfilled: (i) the goods or services must be reasonably necessary for the minor's support according to his status in life, and (ii) the minor must not already have a sufficient supply of such necessaries. “necessaries” refers to essential items required for a minor's basic living, such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and funeral expenses. It does not include luxuries or expensive, unnecessary items. Necessaries are those things that reasonable people would supply to a minor belonging to a particular class of society. Therefore, the concept of utility rather than ornament is the guiding principle in determining what qualifies as necessaries. The entire question depends on the minor's social and economic background. [Link] specific performance: A minor’s agreement being absolutely void, there can be no question of the specific performance of such an agreement. Since a minor’s agreement is absolutely void, it has no legal existence. Therefore, the court will not enforce such an agreement by way of specific performance. In other words, the court cannot compel the minor to perform any obligation under such a void agreement. [Link] for torts: A tort is a civil wrong, like damaging property or misusing someone else’s goods. A minor can be held liable for a tort if it is a wrongful act done by him personally, and not directly connected to a contract. This is because a minor's contract is void, so he cannot be sued for breach of contract. However, if the wrong is separate from the contract, he can be liable. Similarly, if a minor hires instruments and gives them to a friend without returning them, he is liable for wrongful use. So, a minor is liable for torts unless the tort is really a breach of contract. Example (minor not liable): minor borrows a cycle from a shop under a contract and simply fails to return it on [Link] is no misuse or damage, just a breach of contract. In this case, the minor is not liable, because the contract itself is void. Threat to commit suicide — Whether is it coercion?Examples:Master and servant, Doctor and patient, Teacher and student Employer and employee Example 13:A father, because of his authority over his son, can dominate the will of the son. This means if a father makes his son sign a contract unfairly, it can be considered undue influence. (b) Fiduciary Relationship: A fiduciary relationship is a relationship based on trust and confidence, where one party places complete trust in the other. In such a relationship, the person in the position of trust has a duty to act in good faith, with honesty, and must not take unfair advantage of the trust placed in them. These relationships often arise in situations where one party relies on the other for guidance, advice, or care. Common examples of fiduciary relationships include those between father and son, solicitor and client, husband and wife, creditor and debtor, and spiritual guru and disciple. (c) Mental distress:Under Section 16 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract is said to be induced by undue influence when one party is in a position to dominate the will of the other and uses that position to gain an unfair advantage. person is deemed to be ina position to dominate the will of another when the other's mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected due to: Mental or bodily distress ,IlIness, or old age. In such cases, the weaker party cannot make a free and independent decision, and any contract obtained in such a condition may be set aside as being made under undue influence. Example 16 Explained:A doctor is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of his patient who is weakened (enfeebled) by long illness (protracted illness). This means:The patient is dependent on the doctor,he patient is weak, both physically and mentally,So the doctor has power over the patient's [Link] the doctor uses that power to make the patient sign a contract — for example, to pay extra money, gift property, or give benefits unfairly — the contract is considered made by undue influence and can be cancelled (voidable).(4) Any other act fitted to deceive-Any action that is designed to mislead or cheat the other party not just words or promises. Example: A forges someone's signature on documents to win trust and get a contract signed (5) Any act or omission declared fraudulent by law-If any law (like Transfer of Property Act or Company Law) specifically calls an act "fraudulent", then itis fraud under this [Link]: A company director hides financial losses in reports. Company law treats this as fraud. Exceptions: When silence is fraud (a) Duty to Speak If there is a relationship of trust (like parent-child, doctor-patient), or the nature of the contract requires full disclosure (like insurance), then silence becomes [Link] 21:A sells a horse to B by auction, knowing the horse is unsound, but says [Link] is not fraud, because there is no duty to speak in a normal auction sale. Example 22:f B is A’s daughter, then A has a duty to speak due to the fiduciary [Link] this case, silence is fraud. (b) When Silence is Equivalent to Speech If keeping silent creates a false impression, or if the other party is misled by the silence, then it becomes fraud. Example 23, B tells A, “If you do not deny it, | shall assume that the horse is sound.” A, knowing that the horse is unsound, remains silent. This is a clear situation where silence amounts to fraud. (2) The representation must be related to a fact. In Example 24, if A says, “The goods cost me %50,000,” it is a statement of fact because it talks about the actual price A paid something that can be [Link] if A says, “The goods are worth %50,000,” it is only a statement of opinion, because value can vary from person to person. Only a false statement of fact can be treated as fraud or misrepresentation, not mere opinion.