(introduction of panel meter) = ALINg end ofthis lesson you shall beable to + explain digital panel mata Panel meters are instruments that display an inputsignal inanalog or digital form. These are available in twotypes: 1 Analog panel meter (APM) 2 Digital panel meter (OPM) ‘Analog Panol Moter (APM) ‘An analog panel meter uses a moving pointer and a dial to display information, and works on either the band or the jewel and pivot aud band device uses a pointer suspended! ribbons of metal. Able ‘withstand high-shock. Itgenerallymeas ures direct current (06). Thelessaccurate pivotandjewel unithas acoiland pointer supported by polished steel, which fis into two Jewel bearings. Better atwithstanding vibration typically ‘measures altemating current (AC) as shown in Fig Fiat ‘Ananalogpanelmeteris more economical than ts digital counterpart utilis less accurate. Non-inearmaverent can produce erors, and the small meter screen can be <[Link], however, ‘so it's considered quicker to read. Analog meters are Useful when relative change is more important than absolute accuracy. (esta Panel Meter (DPM) gta panel meter is used to measure and display all types of processes and electrical variables, current, low, speed, etc. Ithasabrght LED display that presents information in an alphanumerical format with Ite or no ambigul] Many dita panel meters can accopt multiple inputs and have adjustable or bar graph displays that allow users to easly switch between hese inputs. Displays may also have totalizing, recording, ‘conditioning, or other functional capabilites. Fig2 Digital panel meter have two types of displays 1 LEDDisplay 2 LCDdisplay Digital paneimetersare available in LED or CD display. LED (Light Emiting Diode) display isthe easiest to see ‘even in smalcharacter heights and is avaiable in colour. LCD (liquid Grystal Display) can be either uniighted “iransflective that depends on ambient lighting or back lighted and can be hard to read at certain angles and lighting. Since Digital Panel Meters actualy measure voltages in discete steps, all inputs must be scaled to match the ful count range of the meter. A3 digit digital panel meter has a countrange of 0-099 where a 3% digit ‘doubles the count to 1999 for vey litle extra electronics circuits. Scaling for the Digital Panel Meters is accomplished by using a voltage divider usually dividing ‘downtheinput by afactor of 10, 100, 1000 although there ate othe factors used.) Visual dsplay of decimal digits (0, 1, 2,—, 8, 9)is an important task. In 1970's rixie tube were used but now LCD and LED panels are used for this purpose. Decimal digitcan be displayed by using Seven Segment Display (SSD) unt. faphabets ar aso included withthe decimal ‘gt then the same is called Alpha numeric display In digital electronics, hexadecimal system is used for ‘expressing large binary numbers. This system is alsoknown asalphanumericsystem, Now-a-daysLCD panels, ‘are being used in cigital wrist watches, mobile phones and many other equipments having display system (Fypes of Dew and its use T 4 digit voltmeter and Ammotor - itis capable to measure upto 9999 volts or amperes 2. Three phase voltmeter and Ammeter itis capable to measure to 3 phase volts or amperes 3. 3%digit voltmeter and Ammeter itis capable to ‘measure up to 1999 volts or amperes in 3 phase star ‘iruit 4. 4% digit voltmeter and Ammeter - itis capable to measure up to 19999 volts or amperes 5 [Link] 6 digits frequency meter 6 Digital power factor meter 7 Digital wattmeter. ‘Soven-sogmont display ‘A seven segment display (SSD), or Seven-Segment Indicator (SSI)isthe mostbasicelectronicdisplay device that can display digits from 0.9 is shown in Fig 3. ‘Seven-segment isplays are widely usedin digital clocks, electronic meters, Radio, Microwave ovens, Basic calculators, and other electronic devices etc. Concept and visual structure ‘A seven-segment display consists of seven elements that are made of either LCDs (Liquid Crystal Display) or ‘LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes). The elements arelabelled from ato g as shown in Fig 4 Depending on which elements are tured ON, the display decimal numerals 09 9} ina common cathode display, the cathodes of all the TEDs are joined together and the individual segments are iluminatedby HIGH voltages. In ‘common anode display, the anodes ofallthe LEDs are Joinedtogether andtheindividvalsegmentsareilluminated by connecting to a LOW voltage. For example to display Number't' segments band care {to be switched on and the remaining segments are required tobe switched of. In orderto display two digits ‘wo seven segments ate used. Fins g #COMa b LI L gon © dcoME dot ‘Types of seven-segment display There are twoimportanttypes of -segmentLED display. 1 Common Anode (CA) Seven-segment 2 Common Cathode (GC) Seven-segment 41 Common Anode (CA) Seven-segment display HHH In common anode type, all the anodes of 8 LED's are connected tothe common terminal and cathodes are left ‘ee. Thus, inorder togiowtheLED, these cathodeshave ‘tobe connected o the logic’0' and anode tothe logic". as shown in Fig 5. 2 Common Cathode (CC) Seven-segment display Fis Working of seven segment display ‘Seven segment display works by glowing the respective LEDS inthe number. The display is controlled using pins that are left freely. Forward biasing of these pins in a ‘sequence will display the particular number or alphabet. Depending on the type of seven segments the segment pins are applied with logic high or logic zero. ‘Bathe name Tndlcales cathodes the common pinforthis type of seven segments and remaining 8 pins are leftfree. Here, log low is applied to the common pin and logic high tothe remaining pins as shown in Fig 6. TABLE 1 pS ana oaraames erercs "-sogmontdispay tat able to gw vue one Spy. Tru a sows nla lato svn Bacina [nda opmons iaed ‘on seven segment , segments a,b,c ,d,@ andf are number | a _[b [ec [a Je [t |g ‘teledumogcnighandsegmenisisappiedwinioge | 4 | om fon Jon Jon | On Jon Jor + | or fon lon for | ox for lon ror 2 On | On | Of |On | On Jo |On 2 | on on for Jon | of Jor Jon J | 4 {or fon fos for | oF fon Jon 5 | on or fox Jon | oF Jon Jon & | ono Jon Jon | on Jon Jon 7 |o0 fos fon lor | oF for om @ | on Jon Jor Jon | on Jon Jon (Cisplay decoder Display decoder is a device which converts one digital format into another digital format. One of the most ‘cornmonly used devices for doing this is caled Binary Coded Decimal (&CD)to Seven- Segment Display (SSD) decoder. Itcanbe seen thatto display any single digtnumber fram (009 in binary or letters from Ato F in hexadecimal, we would require 7 separate segment connections plus one ‘addtional connection fortheLED's “common” connection. Also as the segments are basically a standard light emitting diode, the driving circuit would need to produce up to 20mA of current to illuminate each individual ‘segment. To display the number8, all 7 segments would ‘need tobe it resuting total curent of nearly 140mA. Obviously, the use of s0 many connections and power consumption is. impractical for some electronic or ‘microprocessor based eircuts and so in order to reduce the numberof signal ines required to drivejustonesingle display, display decoders such as the BCD to 7-segment display decoder and driver IC's are used as shown in ig — Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Binary-coded decimal(BCD)or packet decimalisaciass of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal dig is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight. Special bit patterns are sometimes Used as a sign for ther indications BCD numbers only range from 0 to 9, with the binary ‘number patterns of 1010 through to 1111 (A toF) being invalid inputs for this type of cisplay and so are not used as shown in TABLE 1. TABLE 14 Binary pattern a fz fh Bee een ne ccceccce aaa seocoes sss cococe = Bom xome ans olBBCD to Seven-segment display decoder ‘An example of the 4-bit BCD input (0100 ) representing the number 4is as shown in Fig 2. Fn? eo Tose seen sr ] BCD to seven segment display decoder is a cireuitused to convert the input BCD into a form suitable for the display. Ithas four inputlines A, B, Cand D and 7 output lines a,b, ¢,d,e, fand g as shown in Fig 1. Considering ‘comman cathode type of arrangement, the ruth table for the decoder can be given as in TABLE 2. Driving a 7-sogment display ‘T-segment display can be thought of asa single display, {tis stil seven individual LEDs within a single package and as such these LEDs need protection from over ‘current. LEDs produce lightonly when itis forwardbbiased \with the amount of light emitted being proportional tothe forward current. TABLE 2 a |Decimal | Inputilines | Output lines. lay aigt [AB EP [4A a alo[t 0] pattorn 0 fo fo fo fo filafs] sfalso 1 Jo fo Jo fr lolafs}olofolo} 2 fo Jo |1 Jo|s}slolalijolx} B 3 fo jo la} alata} afolols | g 4 Jo |s fo fo lolafs}ololsts | 5 © Ja Jo |i |A}op 4} afojala 8 6 fo fs |r fofrlols} slajahs | 7 Jo }1 {1 |1 1]4]4]ofofofo} g 8 4 Jo fo fo |a}afs] ataias | @ o fete lok adsl | g ‘The block diagram ofa basicLEDseven segment display system thatean display given input in numerical form is shown Fig 3, Fia3 i sec reeconromnaromvensrea Concept of multiplexing ‘The decoder block convertsthe given input signalinto an 8 line code corresponding te the 'a'to’g' segments and the decimal point which controts the segments to display the esiredinumber. For example ithe line corresponding tof ‘and’e' are activated then segments { and e of the display glows indicating a". If the input quantity is an analogue signal then it must be converted into digital {format using an ADC before applying to the decoder. if theinputsignalis digtalthen there isnoneed for the ADC ‘and the decoder alone will convert the particular input ‘code into the 8 line code compatible to the seven ‘segment LED display. The purpose ofthe driver stage! toprovidethe necessary current driveinorderto crivethe LED seven segment displays. If the decoder stage is, powerful enough to drive the display, then the driver ‘stage is not required!) typieg 7 segment display driver ‘stage consists of aVarray (8no transistor or FET based ‘switches. For example consid the line ‘a’. The "a" ‘output ef the decoder is connected to the input terminal (base/gate) ofthe coresponding thedriverstage. The samelineis ‘element and is available as output i ‘Thisoutputis connected othe cor ‘of the display. The driver can be a ‘soureing mode. a segments. 1. Driving a seven segment display with 2 Driving a seven segment display with: ‘Driving aseven segmentaisplay withi (ic) Driving a seven segment display with resistor Driving a seven using resistor is the most ‘commanmethod. inthi§, generally we usetheresistoras the diving element. Ghnerally, LED requires 20 mil ‘Amps of current. Currehy more than this value may ‘damage the LED. To limit is current a resistor is usedJow the segment’a', close the switch ‘a. The current through resistor and some drop occurs ateurrent ingresistor. Thus, thesufcientcurrentpassestothe ‘Suppose to display digit 7 switches a, b, ¢ are ‘segment display with transistor ing the seven segments is through stor is used for amplifying the lector of the transistor is connected of the seven segment, emitter is Another way of (Multiplexing 1c 7106Nc 7407) ‘Objectives : Atthe end of this lesson you shall be able to + describe the concept of multiplexing + state the advantages of multiplexing + list out the 1C7406/1C7107 pin diagram. (Driving a seven segment display with integrated “Another way of érivng the seven segments is through integrated circuits. This is generally called as seven ‘segment driver or decoder. The most frequently used decoder is 7448. This chip converts 4 bit binary coded decinaltoB [Link] segment decoder connected to the seven segments is shown Figé The below figure shows diving of a seven segment dsplay using BCD to seven segment decoder. Hore we haveto give BCD dataasinputio display digit 0108, For ‘example, to display the digit 7 the input to be applied is 0111. The decoder decodes the applied BCD input and ‘sends the appropriate output to the segments. The decoder outputs are connected to the seven segment inputs through the resistors. Theseresistors ae used to lithe curent.-) Figo Giatiplexing “AMuliplexerisa device that allows one of several analog or gia! input signals which are to be selected and transmits the inputthatis selected into a single medium, “Multiplexer is also known as data selector. Multiplexer is abbreviated as MUX as show in Fig 1. MUX sends digital ‘or analog signals at higher speed on a single line in one shared device. It recovers the separate signals at the receiving end,” The multiplexer boosts or amplifies the Information that later transferred over network within a particular bandwidth and time.Figs TT Concept of multiplexing ‘aneurin San, receiv sucrevean ‘As shown in Fig 2 multiplexer takes 4 input lines and diverts them to single output line. The signal trom 4 different devices is combined and carried by this single line. At the recelving side, a demultiplexer takes this signal from a single line and breaks it nto the original signals and passes them to the 4 different receivers. Advantagos of multiploxing 4 ttreduces number of wires 2 ttreduces circuit complexity and cost 3. Itsimplifies logic design 4 Wecanimpiementmany combinationacircuits using MUX 5. Itdoes not need K-maps and simplification. ICL74 06617407 ‘The ICL7106 /ICL7 107 are monolithic analog -to digital ‘converters (ADCs). They have veryhighinputimpedances andrequiredno extemal display drive ccuitry. On-board active components include polarity and digits drivers, ‘Segment decoders. voltage reference anda lockcircuit. The ICL7%06 will directly drive a no multiplexed liquid crystal display (LCD), whereas the ICL7107 will directly drive a common Anode Light Emitting Diode (LED) display PIN diagram of ICL 7106/ ICL 7107 Fig? IcL7106,0L7107 (Por) TOP VIEW ‘This device can be used in wide range of digital pane! meter application suchas the measurementof pressure, voltage, resistance, temperature, curent, speed, material thickness and eonduetanee.. puueuruennseee 7 V+ Positive Supply 2 D1-1's Digit -D Segment 3 C1-1's Digit-C Segment 4 Bt -1's Digt- B Segment 5 ‘At -1's Digit- A Segment 6 F1- 1's Digit-F Segment 1 G1- ts Dig -G Segment a 11's Digt-E Segment 9 2-108 Digit-D Segment 10 C2- 10's Digit- C Segment 1" ‘82 10's Dig -8 Segment 2 ‘A2- 10's Digit-A Segment 2 F2- 10's Digt-F Segment Pin Number 2 5 Description SSSCKREBKRRESEBBVSEREBE VBBsta E2- 10's Digt-E Segment D3- 100s Digit-D Segment 83 - 100's Digit-B Segment F3- 100's Digit-F Segment £3 100's Digit-E Segment ABA - 1000's Digit POL - Polarity Sign BPIGND - Backplane Conn. for LeDIGround G3 - 100's Digit-G Segment ‘A3-100'sDigt-A Segment C3- 100's Digit - C Segment G2. 10's Digt-G Segment \Vneg- Negative Supply INT -lntegrator BUFF - Butler ALZ- Au Zero INLO-Input Low IN HI-Input High ‘COMMON - Input Common ‘Cte -Reference Capacitor ‘eft - Reference Capacitor REF LO - Reference Low REF Hil- Reference High TEST-Test (08G3--Osciator (08C2-Oseiator OSC - OscillatorLiquid crystal Display) Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shalll be able to + explain the working principle of LCD + ompare diforent LED panel sizo “ist the LcD decodeririver Ic. (Giauid crystal Display (LeD) ICD stands for Liquid Crystal Display, which is used to show status ofan application, display values, debugging progiam- etc, Basies of LCD Displays. ‘The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of thavinglow powerconsumption thanthe LED. lis typically of the order of microwatts for the display in comparison to some order of mill watts for LEDS. Low power ‘consumption requirement has made it compatible with MOS integratedlogic circuit. is other advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDsareadaitionalrequirementoflight source, alimited temperature range of operation between 0 and 60°C), low reliability, short operating fe, poor visibility in low ambient lighting, slow speed and the need for an AC rive. Principles of working of LCD ‘The main principle behind iquid crystal molecules is that when an electrigdurrent is applied to them, they tend to Lntwist, This causes a change in the light angle passing through them. This causes a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to it. So litle ight is allowed to pass through that partculararea of LCD, thus thatarea becomes darker comparing tathers For making an LCD screen, a reflective miror has tobe setup in the back. An electrode plane made ofindium-tin oxide iskept ‘ontop and a glass with a polarizing film is also added an the bottom side. The entire area of the LCD has to be covered by a common electrode and above itshould be the liquidcrystal substance. Nextcomes another piece of lass with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle on the bottom and, ontop, another polarizing fim. It mustbe ‘noted that both of them are kept at right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LCD willbe reflected by the mirrar and bounced back. ‘Asthe electrode is connected to a temporary battery the Current from it will use the liquid crystals between the ‘common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passiagthroughthat particularrectangular area appears blank. MIRROR (A) GLASS. ILTER (8) NEGATIVE ELECTRODE (0) LIQUID CRYSTAL LAYER (0) POSITIVE ELECTRODE Different LCD panel sizes Alphanumeric LOD Display Sizes TexlLCD:LCD16x2 16X2 LCD panel (default) TexILCD:LOD16x28 1x2 LCD panel alternate addressing POLARIZING FILM POLAREING FILMIF) COVER IMAGE TextLCD::LCD20x2 20x2 LCD panel TextLCD:LCD20x4 20x4 LCD panel Note: There is now also support for TextLCDLCD8x1 8x1 LCD panel(Le digital pane! display devica)) ‘Objectives: Althe end of this lesson you shallbe able fo + stato the pin configurations of the 16 x2 LCD display «list the commanly used command words in LCD display are used to display the messages for more Interactive way o operate the system or displaying error _messages etc. Interfacing LCD to microcontroller is very ‘easy if you understand the working of LCD. In order to ‘understand the interfacing, first you have to know about the 162 LCD madule. 16%2 Liquid Crystal Display which will display the 32 characters at a ime in wo rows (16 characters in one row). Each character in the display of size 57 pixel ‘matrix. Although this matrix differs for diferent 16*2LCD ‘modules this matrixwillnotbe same forallthe 16*2LCD ‘modules. There are 16 pins in the LCD module, the pin configurations given below. Vee in is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the contrast can be adjusted by varying the voltage atthis pin. Thisis done by connecting one endof 12 POT to the Vin (SV), other end to the Ground and connecting the canter terminal (wiper) of of the POT to the Ves Bi. ‘SLNo. | Name Positive supply voltage pin (6 DC) Contrast adlustment Register selection Read or write Enable Data Data Data Data eavonae their function are given in the table below. LCD initialization “The steps that has to be done for initializing the LCD splay fs given below and these steps are common for almost all applications. 11 Send 38H to the 8 bit data tne fr initialization 2 blinking ON. ‘3. Send 06H for incrementing cursor position. 4 ‘Send OFH formaking LCD ON, cursor ONandcursor x2 LCD displays. 11 Ded Data 2 DBs, Data 3 pes Data “ e7 Data 16 Lapa, Back light LED* 16 LepK Back light LED- ‘The JHD 162A has two builtin registers namely data register and command register. Data register is for placing the data to be displayed , and the command registeristoplace the commands. The 16%2LCD module hasa setofcommands eachmeantfordoing a particular Jeb with the display. We-witdiccusendeleirabaut he ‘commands tater. High logical the RS pin will select the data register and Low logic at the RS pin will select the ‘command register. we make the RS pin high and then puta data in the 8 bit data line (OBO to DB7). the LCD ‘module willrecognize it as adatato be displayed. lfwe ‘make RS pin low and put a data on the data tine, the ‘module will recognize tas a command. IW pin is meant for selecting between read and write ‘modes. High evelat this pin enables read mode andiow level a this pin enables write mode. E pin is for enabling the module. A high to low transition al this pin will enable the module. DBO to DBT are the data pins. The data to be displayed ‘and he command instructions are placecion these pins. LED* isthe anodeofthe backlight LED andthis pinmust be connected to Vee through a suitable series current ling resistor. LED-s the cathode ofthebacklight LED and this pin must be connected to ground, 4162 LCD module commands 162 LCD module has a set of preset command inetructions. Each command will make the module to do 2 particular task. The commonly used commands and E4 H : Electronic Mechanic (NSQF LEVEL -5) - Related Thaory for Ex 4.2249 -254 ‘Sending data to the LCD ‘The stops for sending data tothe LCD module is given below. have already said thatthe LCD module has pins, ‘namely RS, RIW and E- Its the logic state ofthese pins: thal make the module to determine whether a given data Input ie a command or data to be displayed. 1. Make FW iow, 2. Make RS=0 if data byte is @ command and make RS=1 ifthe data byte isa data o be displayed. 3 Place data byte on the data register. 4. Pulse E trem high to low. ‘Send 01H for clearing the display and return the 5 Repeat above steps for sending another dita