Differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities and explain the relationship of the three to disaster risk. DRR11/12-Id-13Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners LESSON DISASTER RISK Recognizing that no two persons are alike guides us in relating with different kinds of people. In the same manner, no two disasters are alike; some are similar but possess differences. Appreciating their differences in terms of their nature and magnitude of triggering hazards, exposed elements at risk, and vulnerabilities will help us deal with potential disasters. The risks associated with disasters can be estimated and can be expressed either quantitatively or in relative terms. This provides a way of comparing past and future disasters. Risk is a forward- looking concept, so disaster risk can be understood as the likelihood (or probability) of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period (adapted from UNISDR, 2015a).. In this module, you will learn about the different factors considered in determining disaster risk, YOUR TARGET! ) 1 At the end of the module, you should be able to: © differentiate between hazards, exposed elements and their Al vulnerabilities; © give examples of hazard, exposed elements and their vulnerabilities from historical events within the Philippines; © suggest mitigation, adaptation and preparedness strategies for managing disaster risk based on experiences from previous disasters whenever possible.Directions: Read the questions carefully and identify what is asked. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources is called A. Disaster C. Hazard B. Exposure D. Vulnerability 2. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. A. Disaster Cc. Hazard B. Exposure D. Vulnerability 3. Which term refers to people and property. A. Disaster Cc. Hazard B. Exposure D. Vulnerability 4. This refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic, and environmental, that increase the susceptibility to the impact of a hazard A. Disaster Cc. Hazard B. Exposure D. Vulnerability 5. What happens when the probable destructive agent, the hazard, hits a vulnerable populated area? A. Disaster Cc. Hazard B. Exposure D. VulnerabilityDirection: Identify the following words as to what type of disaster risk element they belong. strong winds floods ‘Students farming homes Landslides wooden elements of structures storm surges Buildings government employees poor families stubborn people light structures lacks information on hazard ash fall HAZARD EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY Explain how hazard, exposure, and vulnerability are related to disaster risk.KEEP THIS IN MIND! * Disasters are sometimes considered external shocks, but disaster risk results from the complex interaction between development processes that generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard. Disaster risk is therefore considered as the combination of the seriousness and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage (UNISDR, 2015a). ures Aran starred yh evar rug Tpheon yan inthe cy of aeban Reve am Midewn reversing RKP According to the terminology of UNDRR (2015), disaster risk is defined as “the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined as the consequence or result of the interaction of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability”As urban centers continue to grow, more and more people go into a world wherein they are now exposed to dangerous areas along the path of hazardous events. Given this fact, the extent of disaster is expected to increase. Figure 2 shows how disasters develop. Thus, we say that the risk of losing lives or causing injury to people and of losing or damaging property due to a hazard increases as the level of exposure and vulnerability increases. It refers to the expected value of deaths, "2 Oot rtisfuncn afr eas ont injuries, and property losses that may be . - caused by a hazard. Disaster risk is smmnncnm nennet ram ns ee ietetnoma expressed as a function or the result of “tiyncunscutangnpen hazard, exposure, and vulnerability soccer (Disaster Risk = function (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability). It does not only show the expectation or the chance of the disaster happening, but also gives us the idea on how severe the impact would be not only to people but to all the elements exposed. Vulnerability, in this context, refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic, and environmental, that increases the impact of the disaster. tense fey mera As the disaster risk model implies, the magnitude of the disaster depends on: 1. The severity of the natural event 2. The quantity of exposure of the elements at risk which includes lives and properties, and 3. Vulnerability level or quality of exposure. Thus, the model can be expressed as: DISASTER RISK = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability According to this formula, if there is no hazard, then there is no risk. This also applies when there is no exposed elements or vulnerabilities present. A simple scenario is during a pandemic, even if there is a virus (the hazard), if the people will stay at home (zero exposure) and remain healthy (zero vulnerability), there is no chance of acquiring that virus (no disaster risk).Direction: Complete the table by supplying words or phrases each given event. (Note: You can use the data in your own locality to complete the table.) VULNERABILITY/ AREA EXPOSED DISASTER HAZARD POTENTIAL AFFECTED ELEMENTS EFFECTS Earthquake TyphoonLOOK AT THIS! TABLE 1. Different Types of Disasters, its affected area, hazard, exposed elements and vulnerability/potential effects. Storm Surge and Contents. VULNERABILITY/ AREA EXPOSED DISASTER HAZARD POTENTIAL AFFECTED ELEMENTS Pee Luzon Baguio Earthquake- | Roads (e.g Steep cuts made into Earthquake Induced Kennon Road, slopes, as part of road Landslides Marcos Highway) | construction, are prone Access to Baguio | to slope failure or mass City wasting during an earthquake, resulting in scattered pieces of waste or remains that ‘can block roads resulting in loss of ‘access that can hamper rescue operations and relief goods. Yolanda | Tacloban Strong winds | People, Homes, | Light siructures and roofs of structures are susceptible to damage when subjected to loads induced by strong winds. People are prone to injury when exposed to flying remains or fragments scattered by strong winds. People are prone to drowning or injury when carried away by Unstable flood waters. Structures or the individuals’ elements (eq walls and doors) are prone to damage when exposed to flowing waters, Wooden elements of structures and contents are prone to damage due to prolonged soaking. Certain contents are also prone to damage to mold and mildew due to excessive moisture.Pinatubo | Angeles ily | Tephra (Ash) Srutures, Roaf systems are prone Contents Eruption Fall to collapse due to weight of ash accumulating on roofs. ‘Ondoy Metro Manila [Flash Flooding | People, Homes, | » People are prone fo drowning in flash floods due to limited evacuation time. Survivors of floods aro prone to physical and functional damage. Persons with chronic iness as well as physical and psychological disabilities have significantly greater difficuty in evacuating compared to able persons making them more vulnerable to injury or death during a flood. Structures or specific elements are susceptible to damage when exposed to hydrodynamic or buoyancy forces during a flood, Structure and its contents are susceptible to damage due to prolonged exposure to water, TABLE 2. Some Disaster Occurrences in the Philippines DISASTER AREA AFFECTED 7990 Luzon | Extensive loss of life, damage to infrastructure and critical facilities. Extensive Earthquake environmental impact due to numerous earthquakes induced landslides, ‘Typhoon Yolanda Extensive Toss of We, damage To infrastructure and Important facilities: Extensive environmental impact due to large amount of debris generated. Death, injury and economic losses resulted in mental collapse to survivors. Mi. Pinatubo Exlensive environmental impact due to large amount of volcanic debris deposited. Extensive damage to infrastructure within surrounding areas. ‘Typhoon Ondoy ‘Area affected by flood was a highly developed and highly populated area,TABLE 3. Disaster Coping Mechanisms DISASTER HOW TO COPE Injury due to falling debris resulting from earthquake induced landslides Difficult to avoid iFearthquake occurs while traveling in @ mountainous area. Best option would be to stop the car, get out and find an area far from steep slopes. Flood risk due to storm surges Research I your area is prone to storm surges and potential height of water rise. Prepare an evacuation plan and emergency kit which you can easily take should a flood occur. Collapse of structures due to tephra fall Check ifyou live neara potentially active volcano. When constructing a house, ‘consult a licensed civil engineer or architect and discuss how volcanic hazards ‘can be taken into consideration into the design of the house. Explore the possibilty of including risk from volcanic eruption in home insurance. Familiarize yourself with the volcano alert information. Have an evacuation plan for a voleanic eruption. Prepare an evacuation kit. Hazard of flash flooding Research you Ive In a potentially flood prone area and determine how high the flood waters can rise. Prepare an evacuation plan and emergency kit which you can easily take should a flood occur. INDRA TN RAN Oe Directions: Select a disaster that you are familiar with. Explain the background of the event and answer the following questions. Identify the specific hazard(s) involved in the disaster. Enumerate the exposed elements affected by the hazard. Explain why the exposed elements were vulnerable to the hazard. Recommend strategies that could have been taken to minimize the Possibility of a similar disaster occurring in the future. Example: Guinsaugon Landslide (2006) In Southern Leyte ueauon and Ree rm pita repple cam nepegureigon 3266p beA rockslide-debris avalanche occurred at 10:26 am on 17 February 2006 in Southern Leyte, Philippines (Lagmay et al., 2008). This large-scale landslide devastated the village of Guinsaugon, with a population of 1,857 (NDCC, 2006). Twenty survivors were rescued from the front edge of the debris field within hours of the disaster, but the majority of the village's population was believed to have been buried by the avalanche The landslide has a planform area of 3,324,400 millon square meters, a maximum width of 1.52 kilometers, and a distance of 4.1 kilometers from crown to toe. Independent reports place the volume of the deposit at 15-20 million cubic meters (Lagmay et al., 2006) and 21 million cubic meters (Araiba, in Suwa, 2006). Based on the duration of the telephone calls and the extent of the landslide deposit, the avalanche is estimated to have traveled with a velocity of about 100 kilometers per hour Three factors are suspected of having triggered the avalanche. First is the excessive amount of rain that fell in the days before the disaster, even though the landslide happened on a sunny morning. Multi-satelite precipitation analysis from the NASA-JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission reported that 500 millimeters of rain fell on Southern Leyte between 4 and 7 February. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) rainfall station at Otikon, located seven kilometers southwest of the landslide head, recorded 683.6 millimeters from 814 February. The highest amount of rainfall over this duration was 171 millimeters, recorded on 12 February (Lagmay et al., 2008), Second is an earthquake that occurred in Southern Leyte on 17 February 2006, The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) recorded a 2.6 magnitude (Ms) earthquake 21 kilometers west of Guinsaugon at 10:35:30.99, using seven of its Unmanned satellite-telemetered seismic stations (PHIVOLCS, 2006a; 2006b). An earthquake was also recorded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at 10:36:32.59 (PDE-W 2006), about two kilometers north of the landslide, at a depth of 36 kilometers, and with a magnitude (Mb) of 4.3 (USGS, 2006). Records obtained from the F-net broadband seismograph network established and operated by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan, measured the occurrence of ground motion at 10:37. ‘Yamanaka (2006) interprets this record of ground motion as the Rayleigh wave generated by the landslide event. Third is deformation of the slope prior to the landslide, Accounts described by Suwa (2006) indicate that the slope had been experiencing deformation due to creep. This phase of creep motion may have developed from secondary to tertiary creep at the end of 2008 or in early 2006. The timing of the landslide is still uncertain, although accounts of the events provided by witnesses converge at around 10:30 am (Lagmay et al., 2006; Suwa, 2006). A telephone call made by Lita Siona, a Department of Agriculture technician and one of the listed fatalities, probably offers the best approximation of the time and duration of the incident, Siona placed a call to the Mayor of St, Bernard, Southern Leyte, as the landslide transpired, According to the Mayor, the conversation started with a query from the terrified technician: ‘Mayora, dakong anas ... Aruy, asa mi ron dagan?’ (Mayor, a big landslide . ..Oh no, where are we going to run?). The records of the mobile telephone company show that this conversation started at 1010:26:00, and that it lasted for 26 seconds, After a brief interruption, it was followed by a second call, which started at 10:27:53 and lasted for 91 seconds before the connection was cut again. These reported times, as verified by the mobile telephone company, are based on the standard atomic clock time used by its computer servers. By 28 February 2006, 139 bodies had been recovered from the landsiide—56 have been identified and 83 remain unidentified. Two victims died in hospital, out of the 33 treated for injuries. The number listed as missing and presumed dead is 980 (NDCC, 2006). The remaining residents of the village were not in the area at the time of the disaster. In total, the official number of fatalities is 1,221 (Lagmay, 2008) W. ML, WV. Rainfall induced rockslide, avalanche and debris flow More than 1000 people killed. The entire barangay of Guinsaugon including more than 200 houses, a barangay hall and an elementary school building were damaged. Psychological trauma to survivors and relatives of those killed were experienced. Debris from rockslide and avalanche travelled at speed greater than 100 kph that prevented residents of barangay Guinsaugon from evacuating. Landslide debris was highly erosive and abrasive destroying structure within the flow path. Large volume of landslide debris buried the town destroying all structures. People buried or trapped in houses were suffocated under the weight of the debris. More careful selection of site for establishing communities away from landslide prone areas. Installation of early warning systems. Information dissemination regarding landslide hazards for affected communities. uANSWER HERE: Name of the disaster:Direction: Examine the picture and answer the following questions. ‘yp ling: eer Contanmer Zein abl Mb Ree frm gen maboivecormgenednaenee 9282704 haa Do you think people congested areas are prone to disaster? Why? 3Prevention is better than cure. Once a disaster occurred, itis very difficult to handle and control it. For example, the occurrence of natural disasters like earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions cannot be prevented but reducing exposure and vulnerability can minimize their impact. Riek a Riek Reduction Figure 2. Mitigation and preparedness measures will esut inthe reduction of vulnerability and thus in disaster isk. The area of overlap of hazard, exposue, and vulnerability is smaller compared with that in Figure . The level of vulnerability and exposure can be reduced by keeping people and property away as far as possible from hazards. Relocating people to reduce vulnerability and exposure, however, is not a simple matter of imposing it to be followed blindly by those who are affected. Whenever possible, relocation must come hand in hand with other mitigation and preparedness measures. People resist relocation and it is a big challenge to move them away from their homes even if the new place is’Safer. The-resistance jis because it would mean giving up their house, land, and even jobs. The most vulnerable are the poor who have no better option than to live in unsafe places near volcanoes, flood: prone sites, and steep hillsides, People also tend to tum a blind eye as they are comforted by the fact that the risk of death is lower compared with that from accidents. People also remain in places previously hit bya disaster thinking that after a disaster comes a period of safety, which is not always true. Some natural events tend to cluster in time. Estimates of retum periods give us a false idea that events are cyclic (with fixed frequency) in nature but, these are just averaging. Often, people consider the risks more acceptable than facing the curse of starvation away from the very productive fertile volcanic soils or river flood plains. uGLOSSARY DISASTER- a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. DISASTER RISK- the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and services, which could occur in a community or a society over some specified future time period; is a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. EXPOSURE- the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes; this also refers to people and property. HAZARD- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelinoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. MITIGATION. structural and non- structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at- risk communities to address vulnerabilities and minimize the impact of disasters, PREPAREDNESS- pre- disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of disaster risk reductionjand management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre- disaster activities to avert or minimize loss of life and property sch as, but not limited to, community organizing, training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information and education initiatives. RISK- the probability that negative consequences may arise when hazards interact with vulnerable areas, people, property, and environment VULNERABILITY- the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effects of hazard. 1sASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED! ” .ction: Read each item carefully and answer the questions that follow. 1, What are the elements of disaster risk? Explain the significance of each element of disaster risk in determining the possibilities of a disaster happening and its impacts. 2. Given that the occurrence of potentially hazardous natural phenomena ‘cannot be prevented, taking into consideration the elements of disaster risk, discuss ways by which disasters and disaster risk can be minimized 16