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Adsim

Das Dokument beschreibt die Variation des Coefficient of Performance (COP) von Kühlsystemen in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und der Wahl von Adsorbent-Refrigerant-Paaren, wobei Ammoniak und Methanol als umweltfreundliche Optionen hervorgehoben werden. Es wird auch auf die Vor- und Nachteile von Hochdruck- und Niederdruckzyklen eingegangen, sowie auf die Bedeutung von Adsorbenteneigenschaften und der Optimierung von Kosten und Effizienz durch verbesserte Porosität und fortschrittliche Zyklen. Schließlich wird die Rolle von Wärmeübertragung und der Anzahl der Adsorptionsbetten zur Verbesserung der Systemleistung diskutiert.

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Kapil Gangadhar
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6 Ansichten5 Seiten

Adsim

Das Dokument beschreibt die Variation des Coefficient of Performance (COP) von Kühlsystemen in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und der Wahl von Adsorbent-Refrigerant-Paaren, wobei Ammoniak und Methanol als umweltfreundliche Optionen hervorgehoben werden. Es wird auch auf die Vor- und Nachteile von Hochdruck- und Niederdruckzyklen eingegangen, sowie auf die Bedeutung von Adsorbenteneigenschaften und der Optimierung von Kosten und Effizienz durch verbesserte Porosität und fortschrittliche Zyklen. Schließlich wird die Rolle von Wärmeübertragung und der Anzahl der Adsorptionsbetten zur Verbesserung der Systemleistung diskutiert.

Hochgeladen von

Kapil Gangadhar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
Wir nehmen die Rechte an Inhalten ernst. Wenn Sie vermuten, dass dies Ihr Inhalt ist, beanspruchen Sie ihn hier.
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319 ‘The variation of reftigeration COP with heat rejection temperature (final bed adsorption temperature and condensing temperature are assumed equal) and the maximum cycle temperature is illustrated for an evaporating temperature of -5°C in Fig, 8, Heat pump COP's follow similar trends but are higher. 4 Choice of Refrigerant - Adsorbent Pairs The above discussion describes how cycle perfermance varies with the different external temperatures, but naturally the choice cf adsorbent and refrigerant pairs used will also have a major effect. Most refrigerants can be adsorbed by carbons, bbut the most useful ones have a high latent hea. Any active carbon will have a maximum micropore volume which can contain the reftigerant in its adsorbed state, The maximum cooling that could possibly be achieved by totally desorbing and then adsorbing in a single cycle is the product of the liquid refrigerant's Jatent heat and the mass of adsorbed refrigerant that totally fills the micropores. Assuming some similarity between the adsorbed and liquid phases, refrigerants with high latent heat pe- unit liquid volume will give better performance. Table 1 gives a selection of possible refrigerants with suitably high latent heats, all of which tend to have small polar molecules. The table is split into two ‘groups: those with nonnal boiling temperatures above and below -10°C. The properties are taken at the normal boiling point. Attainable COP's correlate reasonably with the latent heat per unit volume, Of the high pressure frigerants, ammonia is the best available. Although toxic and incompatible with copper and brass, it has no ozone depletion potential and is not a greenhouse gas. It is used widely as a refrigerant in industry and is being considered increasingly as an environmentally friendly refrigerant for other applications. ‘The best sub-atmospheric refrigerant is water. Unfortunately itis not strongly adsorbed by carbons, but refrigerators and heat pumps based on water - zeolite pairs have been built and tested in research laboratories. Methanol is adsorbed wwell by carbons and a solar refrigerator based on a carbon ~ methanol pair was ‘marketed by Brissoneau et Lotz Marine in France. Methanol is environmentally friendly, but decomposes at temperatures around 150°C and so cannot be used fo: very high temperature cycles. High pressure and sub-atmospheric cycles have different advantages and disadvantages, The choice between them will depend on the applicaticn. Low pressure cycles require perfect hermetic sealing against air ingress. Any air leaking into the system will migrate to the condenser, where it will impede the condensation process and eventually cause failure. Low pressure machines also 320 have to be designed to avoid pressure drops in pipework, which can redace the performance significartly. However, low pressure machines do not need expensive and bulky pressure vessels. High pressure cycles can cope with low leakage rates to the atmosphere until the leak is rectified and they can essily be “topped up’ with refrigerant, ‘Table 1. Latent heat per uit liquid volume of useful sfrigerante Tent Normal Liquid eat per Refrigerant Boiling Latent density —_urit vol Point Mol heat Lp pi xlo? Formula Name CC) Wr (eds) kg fm’) _(edi) NH, “Ammonia 17 1368 681932 HCHO Formaldehyde 19° 30 768 815,66, CALF —VinylFluorde = 386438] MASS 8S 80, SulphurDicxide -10 46.605, BBBC SL cur, R32 20 e382. a, Chlorine 340 71 8B 1563 ato HCI, R22! “a 86235 1409 “HO Water 100182238 9882163 SO, Sulphur Trioxide 45 80 508 178095 CHLOH Methanol 65 32 027182. CH,OH Ethanol 9 46 82789 ts CHN — Ethylamine 37 43746833 CHN Hydrogen Cyanide 26 27 9356886 No, Nitrogen Dioxide? 21 46° 4151487600 CHN Acetonitrile 31 41 765782589 [Link], —-Methylamine 7 31 836703 St. Br, Bromine! 59 160189 3119588, T Other chemicals not show ore Fuperon To ROD, Gal W ta Taaded at Tha bon OF We ftigerants. ree Other refrigerants, including CFCs R11 and R12, HCFC R22, HFC R32 and hydrocarbons such as butane have been evaluated in detail by Critoph [3,4] but are significantly worse in performance than methanol or ammonia, In 1996, these two refrigerants are the only ones used in the major laboratories working ‘on carbon adsorption cycles. Having chosen a suitable reftigerant, the best adsorbent must be found. Zeolites, silica gels and chemical adsorbents have been used as well as carbons, out this chapter will concentrate on the carbon adsorbents. An indication as to the range of COP's that can be expected and the influence of the type of carbon used can be obtained by modelling the performance of carbons with a range of adsorption parameters. For this purpose it is preferable to use the Dubinin-Raduscikevich 321 ‘equation, in which the exponent m of the D-A equation is made equal 10 2 for theoretical reasons. This reduces the adsorptioa parameters to x, the limiting concentration and K, which is related to pore size. ‘The range ofthe paramters which covers most carbons (and zeolites) is 015Sx, $0.75 IsKs

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