Pranav Ajith

College Roll Number - 8769

[Link](Hons)Ghawri,
NAME-Akshas Mathematics
Roll- Semester
no-8795,VUniv
University Roll Number - 22025563056
Roll-22025563015
Partial Differential Equation

Practical-01:General solution of first and

second order partial differential equations
● f(x)=Ux(x,y)+Uy(x,y)=0

In[44]:= pde1 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0

Out[44]=
x u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ 0

In[45]:= sol1 = DSolve[pde1, u[x, y], {x, y}]

Out[45]=
x2
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
2

● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-2xy=0

In[46]:= pde2 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 2 * x * y;

DSolve[pde2, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[47]=
y
u[x, y] → x y + 1  
x

● f(x)=t*Ut(x,t)+3x*Ux(x,t)=0

In[48]:= pde3 = 3 * x * D[u[x, t], x] + t * D[u[x, t], t] ⩵ 0;

DSolve[pde3, u[x, t], {x, t}]
Out[49]=
t
u[x, t] → 1  
x1/3
2

● f(x)=x*Uy(x,y)+Ux(x,y)=0

In[50]:= pde4 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0;

DSolve[pde4, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[51]=
x2
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
2

● f(x)=2*Uy(x,y)+3*Ux(x,y)=0

In[52]:= pde5 = 3 * D[u[x, y], x] + 2 * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0;

DSolve[pde5, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[53]=

2x
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
3

● f(x)=Uyy(x,y)+Uxx(x,y)-y*Sin(x)=0 such that u(x,0)=x^2

In[54]:= pde6 = Dux, y, {x, 2} + D[u[x, y], y, y] ⩵ Sin[x] * y

solution = DSolve{pde6}, ux, y, x, y
Out[54]=
u(0,2) [x, y] + u(2,0) [x, y] ⩵ y Sin[x]
Out[55]=
u[x, y] → - y Sin[x] + 1 x - ⅈ y + 2 x + ⅈ y

Practical-02:Solution and plotting of

Cauchy problem for first order PDEs
● f(x)=x*Uy(x,y)+Ux(x,y)=0

In[56]:= pde4 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0

DSolve[pde4, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[56]=
x u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ 0
Out[57]=
x2
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
2
 3

In[58]:= Plot3D[1, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[58]=

● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-2xy=0

In[4]:= pde2 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 2 * x * y;

DSolve[pde2, u[x, y], {x, y}]
y
Out[5]= u[x, y] → x y + 1  
x

In[26]:= Plot3Dx * y, x, - 5, 5, y, - 5, 5

Out[26]=
4

● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-U(x,y)=0

In[29]:= pde21 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * Dux, y, y ⩵ ux, y

DSolve[pde21, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[29]=
y u(0,1) [x, y] + x u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ u[x, y]
Out[30]=
y
u[x, y] → x 1  
x

In[31]:= Plot3D[x, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[31]=

● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-U(x,y)-1=0

In[36]:= pde22 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ u[x, y] + 1

DSolve[pde22, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[36]=
y u(0,1) [x, y] + x u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ 1 + u[x, y]
Out[37]=
y
u[x, y] → - 1 + x 1  
x
 5

In[38]:= Plot3D[- 1 + x, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[38]=

Practical-03:Plotting the characteristics for

the first order partial differential equations
● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-U(x,y)-1=0

In[36]:= pde22 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ u[x, y] + 1

DSolve[pde22, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[36]=

y u(0,1) [x, y] + x u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ 1 + u[x, y]

Out[37]=
y
u[x, y] → - 1 + x 1  
x
6

In[47]:= ContourPlot[y / x, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[47]=

-2

-4

-4 -2 0 2 4

● f(x)=x*Uy(x,y)+Ux(x,y)=0

In[19]:= pde4 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0

DSolve[pde4, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[19]=
x u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y] ⩵ 0
Out[20]=
x2
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
2
 7

In[48]:= ContourPlot[y - (x ^ 2) / 2, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

Out[48]=

-2

-4

-4 -2 0 2 4

● f(x)=2*Uy(x,y)+3*Ux(x,y)=0

In[12]:= pde5 = 3 * D[u[x, y], x] + 2 * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 0;

DSolve[pde5, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[13]=
2x
u[x, y] → 1 - + y
3
8

In[49]:= ContourPloty (- 2 * x) / 3, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}

Out[49]=

-2

-4

-4 -2 0 2 4

● f(x)=t*Ut(x,t)+3x*Ux(x,t)=0

In[8]:= pde3 = 3 * x * D[u[x, t], x] + t * D[u[x, t], t] ⩵ 0;

DSolve[pde3, u[x, t], {x, t}]
t
Out[9]= u[x, t] → 1  
x1/3
 9

In[51]:= ContourPlot[t / (x ^ (1 / 3)), {x, 0, 10}, {t, 0, 10}]

Out[51]=
10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

● f(x)=y*Uy(x,y)+x*Ux(x,y)-2xy=0

In[4]:= pde2 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] ⩵ 2 * x * y;

DSolve[pde2, u[x, y], {x, y}]
y
Out[5]= u[x, y] → x y + 1  
x
10

In[54]:= ContourPlot[y / x, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10}]

Out[54]=
10

-5

-10
-10 -5 0 5 10

Practical-04:Solution of vibrating string

problem using D’Alembert formula with
initial conditions

◼ Ques.1: -Utt-c^(2)*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=Sin(x ); Ut(x,0)=x^2

In[74]:= f[x_] := Sin[x]

g[x_] := x ^ 2
z[x_ , t_ , c_] := (1 / 2)[f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]] + (1 / (2 * c))[Integrate[g[m], {m, x - c * t, x + c * t}]]

In[77]:= z[x, t, c]
Out[77]=
1 1 1 3 1 3
- Sinc t - x + Sinc t + x + - - c t + x + c t + x 
2 2c 3 3
 11

◼ Ques.2: -Utt-c^(2)*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=x^3; Ut(x,0)=x^2

In[4]:= f[x_] := x ^ 3
g[x_] := x ^ 2
z[x_ , t_ , c_] := (1 / 2)[f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]] + (1 / (2 * c))[Integrate[g[m], {m, x - c * t, x + c * t}]]

In[7]:= z[x, t, c]
1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3
Out[7]= - c t + x + c t + x + - - c t + x + c t + x 
2 2c 3 3

◼ Ques.3: -Utt-c^(2)*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=Cos(x); Ut(x,0)=e^(-1)

In[8]:= f[x_] := Cos[x]

g[x_] := Exp[- 1]
z[x_ , t_ , c_] := (1 / 2)[f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]] + (1 / (2 * c))[Integrate[g[m], {m, x - c * t, x + c * t}]]

In[11]:= z[x, t, c]
Out[11]=
1 1 2ct
Cosc t - x + Cosc t + x +  
2 2c ⅇ

◼ Ques.4: -Utt-c^(2)*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=Sin^2(x); Ut(x,0)=e^(-x^2)

In[12]:= f[x_] := Sin[x] ^ (2)

g[x_] := Exp[- x ^ 2]
z[x_ , t_ , c_] := (1 / 2)[f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]] + (1 / (2 * c))[Integrate[g[m], {m, x - c * t, x + c * t}]]

In[15]:= z[x, t, c]
Out[15]=
1 2 2 1 1
Sinc t - x + Sinc t + x +  π Erfc t - x + Erfc t + x
2 2c 2
12

Practical-05: Solution of heat equation

Ut=k*Uxx with initial conditions

◼ Ques.1: Ut-5*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=1-Cos(2x); U(0,t)=0; U(π,t)=0

In[28]:= pde51 = D[u[x, t], t] - 5 * D[u[x, t], x, x] ⩵ 0

NDSolvepde51, u[x, 0] ⩵ 1 - Cos[2 * x], u[0, t] ⩵ 0, u[Pi, t] ⩵ 0, u, x, 0, Pi, {t, 1, 10}
Plot3DEvaluate[u[x, t] /. %], x, 0, Pi, {t, 1, 10}
Out[28]=
u(0,1) [x, t] - 5 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
Out[29]=

Domain: {{0., 3.14}, {1., 10.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[30]=
 13

◼ Ques.2: Ut-5*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=x(1-π); U(0,t)=0; U(π,t)=0

In[31]:= pde51 = D[u[x, t], t] - 5 * D[u[x, t], x, x] ⩵ 0

NDSolvepde51, u[x, 0] ⩵ x * x - Pi, u[0, t] ⩵ 0, u[Pi, t] ⩵ 0, u, x, 0, Pi, {t, 1, 10}
Plot3DEvaluate[u[x, t] /. %], x, 0, Pi, {t, 1, 10}
Out[31]=
u(0,1) [x, t] - 5 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
Out[32]=

Domain: {{0., 3.14}, {1., 10.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[33]=
14

◼ Ques.3: Ut-50*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=2Sin(2πx)+6Sin(8πx); U(0,t)=0; U(1,t)=0

In[34]:= pde52 = D[u[x, t], t] - 50 * D[u[x, t], x, x] ⩵ 0

NDSolvepde52, u[x, 0] ⩵ 2 * Sin[2 * Pi * x] + 6 * Sin[8 * Pi * x], u[0, t] ⩵ 0, u[1, t] ⩵ 0,
u, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 1, 10}
Plot3D[Evaluate[u[x, t] /. %], {x, 0, 1}, {t, 1, 10}]
Out[34]=
u(0,1) [x, t] - 50 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
Out[35]=

Domain: {{0., 1.}, {1., 10.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[36]=
 15

◼ Ques.4: 4Ut-Uxx=0; u(x,0)=2Sin(πx/2)-Sin(πx); U(0,t)=0; U(2,t)=0

In[37]:= pde53 = 4 * D[u[x, t], t] - D[u[x, t], x, x] ⩵ 0

NDSolvepde53, u[x, 0] ⩵ 2 * Sin[Pi * x / 2] - Sin[Pi * x], u[0, t] ⩵ 0, u[2, t] ⩵ 0,
u, {x, 0, 2}, {t, 1, 10}
Plot3D[Evaluate[u[x, t] /. %], {x, 0, 2}, {t, 1, 10}]
Out[37]=
4 u(0,1) [x, t] - u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
Out[38]=

Domain: {{0., 2.}, {1., 10.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[39]=
16

◼ Ques.5: Ut-9*Uxx=0; u(x,0)=x(1-π); U(0,t)=0; U(π,t)=0

In[40]:= pde54 = D[u[x, t], t] - 9 * D[u[x, t], x, x] ⩵ 0

NDSolvepde54, u[x, 0] ⩵ 2 * Sin[Pi * x / 2] - Sin[Pi * x], u[0, t] ⩵ 0, u[2, t] ⩵ 0,
u, {x, 0, 2}, {t, 1, 10}
Plot3D[Evaluate[u[x, t] /. %], {x, 0, 2}, {t, 1, 10}]
Out[40]=
u(0,1) [x, t] - 9 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
Out[41]=

Domain: {{0., 2.}, {1., 10.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[42]=
 17

Practical-06: Solution of one-dimensional

wave equation with initial conditions
★ U(x,0)=f(x), Ut(x,0)=g(x), x ∈ R, t>0

In[7]:= pde61 = Du[x, t], t, 2 - 4 * Dux, t, {x, 2} ⩵ 0
NDSolvepde61, u[x, 0] ⩵ x ^ 4, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] ⩵ 0, u, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 4}
Plot3DEvaluateux, t /. First[%], {x, 0, 10}, {t, 0, 4}, PlotRange → All

Out[7]= u(0,2) [x, t] - 4 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0

Domain: {{0., 1.}, {0., 4.}}

Out[8]= u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[9]=
18

★ U(x,0)=f(x), Ut(x,0)=g(x),U(0,t)=0 x ∈ R, t>0

In[19]:= pde62 = Du[x, t], t, 2 - 4 * Dux, t, {x, 2} ⩵ 0
NDSolvepde62, u[x, 0] ⩵ x ^ 4, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] ⩵ Sin[x], u[0, t] ⩵ 0,
u, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 4}
Plot3DEvaluateux, t /. First[%], {x, 0, 10}, {t, 0, 4}, PlotRange → All
Out[19]=

u(0,2) [x, t] - 4 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0

Out[20]=

Domain: {{0., 1.}, {0., 4.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[21]=

★ U(x,0)=f(x), Ut(x,0)=g(x),Ux(0,t)=0 x ∈ R, t>0

Out[18]=
u(0,2) [x, t] - 4 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0
 19

In[31]:= pde7 = Du[x, t], t, 2 - 4 * Dux, t, {x, 2} ⩵ 0
NDSolvepde63, u[x, 0] ⩵ x ^ 2, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] ⩵ 0, D[u[0, t], t] ⩵ 0,
u, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 4}
Plot3DEvaluateux, t /. First[%], {x, 0, 10}, {t, 0, 4}, PlotRange → All
Out[31]=

u(0,2) [x, t] - 4 u(2,0) [x, t] ⩵ 0

Out[32]=

Domain: {{0., 1.}, {0., 4.}}

u → InterpolatingFunction 
Output: scalar

Out[33]=

Practical-07: Solution of traffic flow

problem with given initial conditions, and
plotting of the characteristic base curves
and the traffic density function
★ Ques.1: ρt+xSin(t)ρx = 0, with initial condition ρ0(x) = 1+ 1/(1+x^2 .

In[4]:= famsol1 = DSolvex '[t] ⩵ x[t] * Sin[t], x[0] ⩵ x0, x[t], t

x[t] → ⅇ x0
1-Cos[t]
Out[4]=
20

In[9]:= tab = Table[x[t] /. famsol1〚1〛 /. {x0 → k}, {k, 5, 20, 5}]

PlotEvaluate[tab], {t, - 10, 10}, PlotStyle → Thickness[0.01],
PlotLegends → Tabletabi, i, 1, 4, PlotLabel → "Characteristic base curves"

5 ⅇ , 10 ⅇ1-Cos[t] , 15 ⅇ1-Cos[t] , 20 ⅇ1-Cos[t] 

1-Cos[t]
Out[9]=

Out[10]=
Characteristic base curves
150

100
5 ⅇ1-cos(t)
10 ⅇ1-cos(t)
15 ⅇ1-cos(t)
50 20 ⅇ1-cos(t)

-10 -5 5 10

In[15]:= eqn71 = D[ρ[x, t], t] + x * Sin[t] * D[ρ[x, t], x] ⩵ 0;

sol71 = DSolve[{eqn71, ρ[x, 0] ⩵ 1 + 1 / (1 + x ^ 2)}, ρ[x, t], {x, t}]

DSolve: Inverse functions are being used by DSolve, so some solutions may not be found.
Out[16]=

2 ⅇ2 + ⅇ2 Cos[t] x2
ρ[x, t] → 
ⅇ2 + ⅇ2 Cos[t] x2

In[17]:= Plot3Dρ[x, t] /. sol71, {x, - 10, 10}, {t, - 10, 10}, PlotLabel → "Traffic density function"
Out[17]=
 21

★ Ques.2: ρt+e^(t)*ρx = 2ρ, with initial condition ρ0(x) = 1+Sin^2(x)

In[42]:= famsol2 = DSolve[{x '[t] ⩵ Exp[t], x[0] ⩵ x0}, x[t], t]

tab1 = Table[x[t] /. famsol2〚1〛 /. {x0 → k}, {k, 4, 20, 4}]
PlotEvaluate[tab1], {t, - 4, 4}, PlotStyle → Thickness[0.01],
PlotLegends → Tabletab1i, i, 1, 5, PlotLabel → "Characteristic base curves"

Out[42]=
x[t] → - 1 + ⅇ + x0
t

Out[43]=
3 + ⅇ , 7 + ⅇt , 11 + ⅇt , 15 + ⅇt , 19 + ⅇt 
t

Out[44]=
Characteristic base curves

50

40 ⅇt + 3
ⅇt + 7
ⅇt + 11
30

20
ⅇt + 15
ⅇt + 19
10

-4 -2 2 4
22

In[48]:= eqn72 = D[ρ[x, t], t] + Exp[t] * D[ρ[x, t], x] ⩵ 2 * ρ[x, t];

sol72 = DSolveeqn72, ρ[x, 0] ⩵ 1 + Sin[x] ^ 2, ρ[x, t], {x, t}
Plot3Dρ[x, t] /. sol72, {x, - 4, 4}, {t, - 1, 1}, PlotLabel → "Traffic density function"
Out[49]=

ρ[x, t] → ⅇ 1 + Sin1 - ⅇt + x2 

2t

Out[50]=
 23

★ Ques.3: ρt+2*ρx = 0, with initial condition ρ0(x) = e^(-x^2)

In[51]:= famsol3 = DSolve[{x '[t] ⩵ 2, x[0] ⩵ x0}, x[t], t]

tab2 = Table[x[t] /. famsol3〚1〛 /. {x0 → k}, {k, 1, 5, 1}]
PlotEvaluate[tab2], {t, - 2, 2}, PlotStyle → Thickness[0.01],
PlotLegends → Tabletab2i, i, 1, 5, PlotLabel → "Characteristic base curves"

Out[51]=
x[t] → 2 t + x0

Out[52]=
1 + 2 t, 2 + 2 t, 3 + 2 t, 4 + 2 t, 5 + 2 t

Out[53]=
Characteristic base curves

6 2t+1
2t+2
4
2t+3
2 2t+4
2t+5
-2 -1 1 2

-2
24

In[54]:= eqn73 = D[ρ[x, t], t] + 2 * D[ρ[x, t], x] ⩵ 0;

sol73 = DSolve[{eqn73, ρ[x, 0] ⩵ Exp[- x ^ 2]}, ρ[x, t], {x, t}]
Plot3Dρ[x, t] /. sol73, {x, - 4, 4}, {t, - 1, 1}, PlotLabel → "Traffic density function"
Out[55]=
x 2
-4 t- 
ρ[x, t] → ⅇ 2 

Out[56]=
 25

★ Ques.4: ρt+2t^2*ρx = ρ^2, with initial condition ρ0(x) = Sin^2(x)

In[66]:= famsol4 = DSolve[{x '[t] ⩵ 2 * t ^ 2, x[0] ⩵ x0}, x[t], t]

tab3 = Table[x[t] /. famsol4〚1〛 /. {x0 → k}, {k, 3, 15, 3}]
PlotEvaluate[tab3], {t, - 3, 3}, PlotStyle → Thickness[0.01],
PlotLegends → Tabletab3i, i, 1, 5, PlotLabel → "Characteristic base curves"

Out[66]=
1
x[t] → 2 t3 + 3 x0
3
Out[67]=
1 1 1 1 1
 9 + 2 t3 , 18 + 2 t3 , 27 + 2 t3 , 36 + 2 t3 , 45 + 2 t3 
3 3 3 3 3
Out[68]=
Characteristic base curves

30

2 t 3 + 9
1
3
20
2 t 3 + 18
1
3

2 t 3 + 27
1
10
3

2 t 3 + 36
1
3

2 t 3 + 45
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 1
3

-10
26

In[76]:= eqn74 = D[ρ[x, t], t] + 2 ** D[ρ[x, t], x] ⩵ 2 * ρ[x, t];

sol72 = DSolveeqn72, ρ[x, 0] ⩵ 1 + Sin[x] ^ 2, ρ[x, t], {x, t}
Plot3Dρ[x, t] /. sol72, {x, - 4, 4}, {t, - 1, 1}, PlotLabel → "Traffic density function"

DSolve: Inverse functions are being used by DSolve, so some solutions may not be found.
Out[77]=
2
ρ[x, t] → ⅇ 1 + Sin1 - ⅇt + x 
2t

Out[78]=