—=— He Proberties of charges ~ ‘os Chas property a malter ac change Uthouk mm, pees + piheve as rect tuiphoud change cn ei Quantization 0 Fehmge. * Farge on & body <7 only exist jn the form of @ 8G =ne, a& “ager) « © charge is addiHve jn nature u vs) v. [eater acter [eater ue * ‘conserve Sono o J cannerher cccied net, astra chaygeon 2 (Sh dis HA ae of asso” = const" , @- -O Nole* -<@® @- °°? eo = rainimum possible cha ve os _ exception of toentioet gut " pC) “se rH «)* f qu 2d = porn quavk down C$) 2g) +2C@) q see a uavie partie dont exist indepently 1S0 Wary maseton i is sell covredts 7 toe qua eri : a) cocist even ther qua’ ‘oud be vedi be L/S ~ mn 2 Seong charge (4 ds apouber surface 2 pihile 1 non- cord! rel tages ‘3 dstrible aside. + eae # method pp cnanensaitr — lilo Frichon~ . ave endasy pod, vy hi shiny Mook 8 sles ‘comb, Ebon? pase /A we exe cloud chai’ cheng oil drop?” maiiKen orl drop expeximent lil? eg ae eve. charge ill eve [nigh Lou) 1 ove shar welt mnove. [LOH —* High] a xnorerken uchon +0" us ve-di ribused 171 he vaio of vadivk ea tne comme same uinile chages Hill dfer like znduction = tal Bloc $009 7 ony: loti Bynducirg (1-4 rr. (& wp dieledvie cony of body) pal (Ev 200) —* Sindwced = Sind ee a TOTTI TTTTrTaeaaaaa aut * 7 pov non -rieha lev eo) att repel (6 ») * Ginduced & Binducing" meve Hull pe attvewren or emis rime ny fhe rifuder of age Mil iene ge To © test of charging i a higon nof Ex-> Hats Mull Ha force bre on 12 Hill change if inguleck Rod 18, Kept 6/6 fs» Foyee Hilt QE ot opected by presurccot ony other chee ## cobuma’s LAR % x ELIS RIL newton venton” 4 9x12 (KS) a Z eZ. : Fad, pete k= 4 leas) # Fy dimen®ion 4.24 the distance in diseushion 18 very lage. 28 compared with the of charge. i+ ig treas treated oS point eae » Ra An be = 895 x20 raeae Eo —* peamitivity of vaccum 0% freespace = 8° ke ie _ = gxie sh Trove % If the charges ave kept iin Some 6 ey = Relative permitivity oF dicledie they medium ? permitivily = Ger const of predium Hill + 9 % Coulomb's Jaw fallow principle of Suberpow Ho” Mtoe, [Bers at Be ON Re > 4 be wy porno t = Pevmitivity of vaccume. (0) fee BRS xto CO /uxr Petite efetminviyy fred (6) wok unit > e2/wxm* Facume = gigs X 4%] | Raediuin = reo. x Ue ‘or aaeeeepneeeneeettetrenrereeenre» 47 PO0W = trediam £ = S ie EE aks te Yate 6 wl Bey 21+ cose z E : = » 7 ec Be ing . Frartial medium = arto x Tote & se sag cherye ay heced 17 IES? @ 2 Thew should be third hee OS, Vpecome- ae that ned PeYee Or all the, harges Ss nie aa “aero, alse fird value of 23° Wy = “ Lt ] 4s= y | Ss G +B. i cal i a) ss | ~ Te identical te simple pendulum ave in caquidibrium osshown (? He ven @ = Small . « bal * S tiie calculate pepulsion bie | lj mp ee por iio re Fah canst, pak ! ii > xf cher gparp toleave oF consti re i eg - 4 iat reving towards each oth ies velocity) then Relation BIW 2 Zvi | = 2 ox a | v am 2 q > ml Gece oe agent | we iii acts Pome (due te ation peachon pair | (2th heavy $0 (Pp Will displace. Loss soangle Lest, i Jivi> Tf a> Me=> 626 avtifiete ne fe, ow visiciad sapebtite-[9 =2] = *hlo 1 this system iS coaritd In Space. Tank pogive charge OY » weet Be—rfe Jano=e PEED) ation bIH ball = 44+.L=21 ball in ducto Rebulnion String heme. hori'zerrtet! O¥/ 28° 1 cletbvic force. bib! both = Fe then she meet ae Gy FF % Sepy = x angle bi string = 30-490 = 280° = ke oe ention in Cach String = Fe = ka» | ; . - qe [apt |E=a [vi J Ht this system Ja dipped into rhe Lit Jangle . = oy mchonged find dielectric cost: Of 4a danole obstving Hit vertele remain aa t coher Sie Oba lensity = 2b g]ent, density Lis oss) —- -- 4 - 7 = ke SRAL by deo i i ‘ ‘ee nsulecd ma ing. stving of 1 makes an ayele the ifhale system Hemeyged /n Not change, Lihat is diehetvie const o —- ~~ @= 4 Hee fe fst Thvee idenjreat small halls each With mess s ‘should be | oe wesw wort herpes ay 1b insulin cima opequedlengrhs Both te batt mane erent Nth vertead, mak £chavge. MW i We 1m equly rim thet Bg Mivh dembsty ©» ZF anslea? Ce un? exve Suspended oF one. imparted to point by phyeads of Jength J’, What che) ‘with the vertical: ‘the ball for each thvead te form on [a= LIne] at nee) Radius 'R' rf an additional charge ce ineveament in fention of im Ring: He continuous Chayge. distribution -—> [TF Linea chayge density (4)? Chanre % FF distribution iS uniform % sf distribution i$ non uniform 3 f= a ov ge he a . da. = dd. [iit Surface change density (6) > charge fex unit area: x 1f distribution ¥3 Uniform + per unit length: 4 ELECTRIC “CULD INTENSITY (> LF Ropettent SH ELECTRIC nengrh of effect Eledvic field duc to point charge: — ef 9 6 Gs He ) V 2 fg) ee II lei = (des EUR isle insulafng Ring + , 4 an ins! of Asmall charge ‘+2? Us dari bued mitre Or een re find ofchage as grven eo ines, : case r => Due to uniformaly change king o ¢ CA Bro Gi ZAR a8) z qian egy Small: f,amother aeymmerwon cert" Be gIVET OS 2) = Lim 1El IE) = te Fo HX direction of Elecdvte field = shechowe le- @ve charge = Awy f 7 y ds the charge (€= &4) -g. Ove chaye = Tower gem Phen, % If there ave Severalno of charges inthe. SyS net Ele! for sun of alll Electric field wehneat it here al Ehetrie field Hf 0 chage'y Kept ABT Talo F. 4470] wle=e | PP) E> OM force acing on & row + To CONTENUOUS ewanine DISTATDE it He ELECTRIC FIELD DUE ‘ad cose > Dueto semi-civeula’ au i PRS fe. 9; Bothen net Re Ae S_ pdpaddt = iformaly charged civeivlarr Ring along Its cx a 4) *——*" a e advice field 1% of superpossion) |ee Oe enn 41D caer yy mm gE oy 2= “te casery =» Due t infinite de asx Due to cae ine. charge having uniform charge density (A) + d haat . semi-infinite Line chaye having 62 = fyecso = free uniform densi a’ oo” d B= JdEbino = ire [Qa eer eaeeeaeeeeaereeeeeraeens| +? ® eS & > aceln for vet a a +> ! ae ! | HH pokennal difevence (PD)i~ ris i independent. ot pont 0 I+ 18 po = ie e (3 E18 dniformn (von wer 7 PD = do Gf Ei Loiform) ’ | # Relation bj EV cledvic field 18 dueto porenval diff 3 TE 1g equal te Cve of potential gradient \ Type x Ff por is function ofr’ phen find electric Tt v=fl) Dest 5 a deg a a> sf ve f(y)? €*? fied Pie eon ‘w) Vyefevence = 0 g=- By Noo Location = 0 SJ del operator (onreadient) Veavth =~ 0112. vr # + ir +e i) Veavth =o Combi cew) pe. 4 ‘Tem Of ot Is given at e= 2 fe ody (2-2 Ea ~-=-+- 2222 @ Boe naneantentea TETFTTTTEIGTEEAITIIVITAVTAAAIN! | [fo= ~s2-dF] po =f Erdr => Ci 46i tek) -Axit yi | dzt) ~(Excdet S94 fede Thee af Er Govaph isgiven po= |- (E-dv] = Aveay under phe curve: 4 Eledvic dine, of forces ov, Edeuvie field Lines = He, nots Phat keto eld 15 vovihle opener, thé piclure of Eledrie field » We drow Eeledrie propernes of ELF 4 / lite Tangent drawn ad a point 0° the Sine. of foxees 9178 the, divedtion of field at that point lif Tuo eletrie field Lines can never jnpevsgedt 08 there Hil be. +wo divedion of Ele7I6. fe at thet point ves 2 Nor PossLeLe lint conservative Electric field Lines can never form close Loop liv ++ The density of electric field Lines Ina cerpeun region gives vs cr quedli tative idea about the stvegth of freld in that = IVI They ave always perbendieway to cquipokential surface: Ivilo af the positive charge at Rest Is free to move then it may oy, may not follow the Line of forces: Ivii|-+ Elecne Lines ave diferentable atall pornt- they cart have .... Shap fuintt lili H+ electnie fit Lines con be discontinuous: Tsol eve Tsolated Qve_ charge oginades at | | | | |ye Infinite plane Sheet of charge Ewal@ve £ Ove chaye: * Equiastance |! fine ve present unizorr™r Glaric field } os Equal@ve LhaygeS ' a field Line originate ot42.Q atangle 30°. Find angle at Lich jt enter — 4 Charge V8 oini30 = sin(B) fas VEX = fn (hs) dine of force: vhrle. in ren -conductor ex If the In a conductor there ik ne ixi-* few Line ave there, Bo +4 4 44-849. “8 oy Fe Dielectric slab appli Wie He applied >fpht Frntwed Slt Findwed —» Left