CHEMISTRY MANUAL SCH 2201Phgsrce Chem IC 220) Pra Jag JOD KENYATTA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND Experiment 11 ‘To compare the enthalpies of solution of a salt in {ts anhydrous end hydrated states. PROCEDURE Set up the sane apparatus as in the previous experiment, pour Soon® of distitied water into the cup and measure its tenpersture. Accurately wetgh out about 1,68 ‘of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate on a watch glass, tip h the solid into the water and stir gently with the thermometer until dissolution is complete. Note ‘the meximm temperature change. (Again, the use of a thermometer calibrated in steps of 0.1°C is desirable). Repeat the experiment, using about 2.5¢ of capper (II) sulphete-éumtor in place of the anhydrous salt. Questions 1, What are the possible sources of error in this experiment. 2; Calculate the enthalpies of solution of the two forms of the salt as showin” ‘below. Assune that. the derisities end specific heat capscities of the solutions are the seme as those of water-and that the, salt end water were Doth et tha nee teewarnture of the begiming of the exmeriment. Mass of copper (II) sulphate =n ‘temperature chenge =? Heat produced when miss m@ of copper (Ii) = mass-of solution.» specific heat capectty x tom. rier = sox 42xts Heat produced tinen 1 mol (159.5¢) of copper (II) sulphate dissolves in ee phate ie et! water y % 1.e Brthalpy of solution of copper 2 4 (12) sulphate ote trad Sg 3. Express your resulta in the form of energy Level diagrens. 4, Wnen these solids dissolve, the lattice breaks up and the hydrated tons diffuse throughout the solution. Can you explain the difference in the values of enthalpy of solution obtained for the two forms of the set? (Ramonber that hydration energy 18 evolved when ions “besone hydrated end that energy must be supplied to break up a crystal lattice.)6.2 RATE OF SOLUTION OF MAGHESIUM IN DILUTE BYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS Im this experiment the time for the apparent complete dissolution of fixed smounts of mognesium in excess hydrochloric acid t Taw Fig. 6.1. Curve showing the amount of magnesium lect st various tines is correlated with the concentrstions of hydrochloric scié solutions used. ‘The reaction may be represented es Mg + 2mcl . wg?* 4 2c1. + B, Y£ a= initiel amount of magnesium at time t = 0 and x= seount dissolved at time t = t in the solution of hydrochloric acid, and the amounts of hydrochloris acid used are in excess, so that tits concentration, b, remains virtually =~ eimcantzation, b, ronsine virtually constéat for esch-experiment, aarx) = - k(e-x)b* ie dx = kla-x)b? ae loge = kbte — If a ~ x, the minisum mount of mognesiue observable is constant, ands iis constant, in a series of experiments it should be found that bax week t o Mabel ey Ada 50 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid to 50 ml water and cool the resulting lution under the tap. Then into the five beakers plece 30 ul, 25 ml, 15 ml and 10 ml respectively of this solution and in each case, make the up to 60 mi with distilled water using the measuring cylinder, Cut magnesium ribbon into five three-inch lengths. Add one length to the first: solution, statting the stop-clock at the same instant and nofe the tine for the solve. Find the time needed in the cases of the A eGo ergy Cah der Slope watchs Magqnasiunr nbboa, Conc WC - a!Galewlatioa:: ‘The time for the apparent complete solution of fixed amounts of meghesium should be inversely propottional to the equare of the acid coueeatration Lf the teactbin is second order, Plot ‘V/t ayainat, (at hydrochloric acid teten)* Conversion oto molarities is unnacessary since the factor merely affects the slope of the graphi iPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II PRACTICAL RATE OF THE REACTION BETWEEN - SODItIvi THIOSULPHATE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID Introduction This experiment is designed to examine the kinetics ofthe reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. $2050) + 2H'gg ———— Sp + SOx + 1209 ‘This rate is determined from the time it takes a fixed amount of sulphur to precipitate. By varying the concentrations of thiosulphate and then acid, it is possible to determine the order of the reaction with respect to thiosulphate and acid respectively. APPARATUS Graduated cylinder 10cm’, 100cm* Beaker — Oem? Stop watch REAGENTS 3M Hydrochloric acid .15M Sodium thosulphate PROCEDURE 1. Place the beaker on a piece of white paper marked with a cross by a ball point pen. The beaker should be on top of the mark. Add the thiosulphate solution to the beaker to check that the mark is clearly visible through the solution looking from above. Add the acid and time the reaction from time of the addition to the time the mark is completely ‘obscured, Vary t he concentration of the thiosulphate as the table below. 4. Repeat the experiment keeping the concentration of thiosulphate constant but varying the acid concentration as in the table below:TABLE CM OF 0.15M CM OF 0 CM OF MHC! NaSO; Solution | % f 4 | 2» 5 4 15 10 4 10 15 4 5 20 4 0 0 3 10 | 4 10 2 3 10 3 2 10 4 1 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS 1. Caleulate the rate (=1/Time) for the acid and thiosulphate concentration. 2, Plot: (i) Change in concentration for both acid and thiosulphate with time. (ii) Rates of acid and thiosu!phate against the respective concentration, 3. Determine the order of reaction with respect to: (i) Thiosulphate (i) Acid6 ‘THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN EQUILIBRIA Aim ‘The purpose of this experiment is to find out how a system in equilibrium responds to a change in concentration of components in the mixture. Introduction Iron (111) ions and thiocyanate ions react in solution to produce thiocyanatoiron (111), a complex ion, according to the equation: Fe™(aq) + SCN‘(aq) —— Fe(SCN)*(aq) Pale colourless blood red ‘Yellow ‘The colour produced by the complex ion can indicate the position of equilibrium. ‘Requirements Safety spectacles 4 test tubes 2 test-pipettes Distilled water Potassium thiocyanate solution, 0.5M KSCN Iron (111) chloride solution, 0.5M FeCls Ammonium chloride, NHsCI Spatula Glass stirring rod Procedure 1, Mix together one drop of 0.5M-iron (111) chloride solution and one drop of 0.5M potassium thiocyanate solution in a test tube and add about Scm” of distilled water to form a pale orange brown solution. 2. Divide this solution into four equal parts in four test tubes. 3. Add one drop of 0.5M iron (111) chloride to one test tube. ‘Add one drop of 0.5M potassium thiocyanate to a second. 4. Compare the colours of these solutions with the untouched samples. Enter your Observations in a copy of results table 11a. 5. Adda spatula full of solid ammonia chloride to a third test tube and stir well. ‘Compare the colour of this solution with the remaining tube and note your observations. Ammonium chloride removes iron (111) ions from the equilibrium by forming complex ions such as FeCI's. A possible reaction is: Fe™(aq) + 4CI'(aq) <=> FeCls The effect is to reduce the concentration of iron (111) ions.retation of results Having made three observations, suggest a cause for each colour change (in terms of the concentrations of the coloured species) and then suggest what can be inferred about a shift in the position of equilibrium. Ifa pattern has emerged, then you cani make a prediction based on the results of the experiment, Results table 11a Change tote he pga ac ti : 1. How would the position of equilibrium be affected by increasing the concentration of ReSCN"*? 2. Foreach imposed change show how the shift in equilibrium position conforms to Le Chateliers principle, eat (Uf -