BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Doddaballapur Road, Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064

(An Autonomous institute affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Academic Year 2021-22

Mini Project Report
On

“TRIANGLE WAVE GENERATOR”

Date:

Submitted By
USN Name of the Student Marks Awarded
Max Marks: 15
1BY21EC019 Archi Raj
1BY21EC046 G Pratham Gorey
1BY21EC153 Sristi Murthy A G
IBY21EC179 Yerasu Padmini
Signature of the faculty

Course: Basic Electronics Engineering Course Code: 21EC24

Course Outcome: Demonstrate (Hardware/simulation) the basic applications of electronic circuits
in a team/individual.

POs Addressed: PO3, PO5, PO9, PO10, PO12

Under the guidance of

Dr. Thejaswini S
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ETE
 TRIANGLE WAVE GENERATOR

1.1 Introduction

A waveform generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a standard wave. There are two
types of op-amp based waveform generators −

• Square wave generator

• Triangular wave generator
A triangular wave generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a triangular wave.
The block diagram of a triangular wave generator is shown in the following figure –

The block diagram of a triangular wave generator contains mainly two blocks: a square wave
generator and an integrator. These two blocks are cascaded. That means, the output of
square wave generator is applied as an input of integrator. Note that the integration of a
square wave is nothing but a triangular wave.

The circuit diagram of an op-amp based triangular wave generator is shown in the following
figure –

We have already seen the circuit diagrams of a square wave generator and an integrator.
Observe that we got the above circuit diagram of an op-amp based triangular wave generator
by replacing the blocks with the respective circuit diagrams in the block diagram of a triangular
wave generator.
1.2 Objective of the project
To study the construction, working and output of a triangle wave generator.

1.3 Methodology
Simulink software is used for the considered experiment with the following components:
• DC Voltage Source
• Resistors
• Operational Amplifiers
• Variable Resistor
• Sine wave input
• Scope
• Zener Diode
• Solver Configuration
• Voltage Sensor
• Simulink Converter

1.4 Results

Triangular wave is generated by alternatively charging and discharging a capacitor with a

constant current. This is achieved by connecting integrator circuit at the output of square wave
generator as shown in the figure above.

Assume that V’ is high at +Vsat. This forces a constant current (+Vsat/R3) through C (left to
right) to drive Vo negative linearly. When V’ is low at —Vsat, it forces a constant current (—
Vsat /R3) through C (right to left) to drive Vo positive, linearly. The frequency of the triangular
wave is same as that of square wave. Although the amplitude of the square wave is constant
(± Vsat), the amplitude of the triangular wave decreases with an increase in its frequency, and
vice versa. This is because the reactance of capacitor decreases at high frequencies and
increases at low frequencies. In practical circuits, resistance R4 is connected across C to
avoid the saturation problem at low frequencies as in the case of practical integrator. To obtain
stable triangular wave at the output, it is necessary to have 5R3 C2 > T/2, where T is the
period of the square wave input.
The time period of the output of the square wave generator is T = 2 x 2.303 Rf C x
log((2R2+R1)/R1) which is the same for triangular wave generator. Frequency of the output f =
1/T.

1.5 Applications
This is a good test signal for testing the linearity of an amplifier. Any diversion from a straight
line or a clipping of the tip indicates non linearity, or when clipping, a limited high frequency
response.
Triangles are the time-base signals for oscilloscopes.
A triangle wave is a reference for a dual-slope A/D converter.
The harmonic reach triangle makes a distinctive sound useful for synthesizing music.
In electronics the triangle is the preferred test signal for device voltage/current response such
as a diode or transistor.

1.6 Conclusion
The block diagram of a triangular wave generator contains mainly two blocks: a square wave
generator and an integrator. These two blocks are cascaded. That means, the output of
square wave generator is applied as an input of integrator. Note that the integration of a
square wave is nothing but a triangular wave.

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