Appendix B

Statistical Tables

A-9

B-1
Table B.1 Table of Random Numbers
A-10

B-2

Table B.1
16408 81899 04153 53381 79401 21438 83035 92350 36693 31238 59649 91754 72772
18629 81953 05520 91962 04739 13092 97662 24822 94730 06496 35090 04822 86774
73115 35101 47498 87637 99016 71060 88824 71013 18735 20286 23153 72924 35165
57491 16703 23167 49323 45021 33132 12544 41035 80780 45393 44812 12515 98931
30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735

16631 35006 85900 98275 32388 52390 16815 69298 82732 38480 73817 32523 41961
96773 20206 42559 78985 05300 22164 24369 54224 35083 19687 11052 91491 60383
38935 64202 14349 82674 66523 44133 00697 35552 35970 19124 63318 29686 03387
31624 76384 17403 53363 44167 64486 64758 75366 76554 31601 12614 33072 60332
78919 19474 23632 27889 47914 02584 37680 20801 72152 39339 34806 08930 85001

03931 33309 57047 74211 63445 17361 62825 39908 05607 91284 68833 25570 38818
74426 33278 43972 10119 89917 15665 52872 73823 73144 88662 88970 74492 51805
09066 00903 20795 95452 92648 45454 09552 88815 16553 51125 79375 97596 16296
42238 12426 87025 14267 20979 04508 64535 31355 86064 29472 47689 05974 52468
16153 08002 26504 41744 81959 65642 74240 56302 00033 67107 77510 70625 28725

21457 40742 29820 96783 29400 21840 15035 34537 33310 06116 95240 15957 16572
21581 57802 02050 89728 17937 37621 47075 42080 97403 48626 68995 43805 33386
Essentials of Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice

55612 78095 83197 33732 05810 24813 86902 60397 16489 03264 88525 42786 05269
44657 66999 99324 51281 84463 60563 79312 93454 68876 25471 93911 25650 12682
91340 84979 46949 81973 37949 61023 43997 15263 80644 43942 89203 71795 99533

91227 21199 31935 27022 84067 05462 35216 14486 29891 68607 41867 14951 91696
50001 38140 66321 19924 72163 09538 12151 06878 91903 18749 34405 56087 82790
65390 05224 72958 28609 81406 39147 25549 48542 42627 45233 57202 94617 23772
27504 96131 83944 41575 10573 08619 64482 73923 36152 05184 94142 25299 84387
37169 94851 39117 89632 00959 16487 65536 19071 39782 17095 02330 74301 00275

11508 70225 51111 38351 19444 66499 71945 05422 13442 78675 84081 66938 93654
37449 30362 06694 54690 04052 53115 62757 95348 78662 11163 81651 50245 34971
46515 70331 85922 38329 57015 15765 97161 17869 45349 61796 66345 81073 49106
30986 81223 42416 58353 21532 30502 32305 86482 06174 07901 54339 58861 74818
63798 64995 46583 09785 44160 78128 83991 42865 92520 83531 80377 35909 81250
 82486 84846 99254 67632 43218 50076 21361 64816 51202 88124 41870 52689 51275
21885 32906 92431 09060 64297 51674 64126 62570 26123 05155 59194 52799 28225
60336 98782 07408 53458 13564 59089 26445 29789 85205 41001 12535 12133 14645
43937 46891 24010 25560 86355 33941 25786 54990 71899 15475 95434 98227 21824
97656 63175 89303 16275 07100 92063 21942 18611 47348 20203 18534 03862 78095

03299 01221 05418 38982 55758 92237 26759 86367 21216 98442 08303 56613 91511
79626 06486 03574 17668 07785 76020 79924 25651 83325 88428 85076 72811 22717
85636 68335 47539 03129 65651 11977 02510 26113 99447 68645 34327 15152 55230
18039 14367 61337 06177 12143 46609 32989 74014 64708 00533 35398 58408 13261
08362 15656 60627 36478 65648 16764 53412 09013 07832 41574 17639 82163 60859

79556 29068 04142 16268 15387 12856 66227 38358 22478 73373 88732 09443 82558
92608 82674 27072 32534 17075 27698 98204 63863 11951 34648 88022 56148 34925
23982 25835 40055 67006 12293 02753 14827 23235 35071 99704 37543 11601 35503
09915 96306 05908 97901 28395 14186 00821 80703 70426 75647 76310 88717 37890
59037 33300 26695 62247 69927 76123 50842 43834 86654 70959 79725 93872 28117

42488 78077 69882 61657 34136 79180 97526 43092 04098 73571 80799 76536 71255
46764 86273 63003 93017 31204 36692 40202 35275 57306 55543 53203 18098 47625
03237 45430 55417 63282 90816 17349 88298 90183 36600 78406 06216 95787 42579
86591 81482 52667 61582 14972 90053 89534 76036 49199 43716 97548 04379 46370
38534 01715 94964 87288 65680 43772 39560 12918 86537 62738 19636 51132 25739

Source: Adapted with permission from Beyer, W. H. (Ed.). 1991. CRC Standard Probability and Statistics: Tables and Formulae, XII.3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  Appendix B
A-11

B-3
A-12
B-4 Essentials of Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice

Table B.2 Area Under the Standard Normal Curve (z Distribution)*

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879

0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389

1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319

1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767

2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936

2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

Source: Adapted with permission from Frederick Mosteller and Robert E. K. Rourke, 1973. Sturdy Statistics. Table A-1. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley.
*Proportion of the area under the normal curve corresponding to the distance between the mean (0) and a point that is z standard deviation units away
from the mean.
 A-13

  Appendix B B-5

Table B.3 The t Distribution

Level of Significance for a One-Tailed Test

.10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .0005

Level of Significance for a Two-Tailed Test
.20 .10 .05 .02 .01 .001

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619

2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.941
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.859

6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959

7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.405
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587

11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437

12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073

16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015

17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850

21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819

22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725

26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707

27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646

40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551

60 1.206 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373
∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291

Source: Table B.3 is adapted with permission from Table III of R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and
Medical Research (6th ed.). Published by Longman Group UK Ltd., 1974.
A-14

B-6 Essentials of Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice

Table B.4 Critical Values of the Chi-Square Statistic at the .05 and .01 Significance Levels

Area to the Right of the Critical Value Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Level of Significance Level of Significance

df .05 .01 df .05 .01

1 3.841 6.635 21 32.671 38.932

2 5.991 9.210 22 33.924 40.289
3 7.815 11.345 23 33.924 40.289
4 9.488 13.277 24 36.415 42.980
5 11.070 15.086 25 37.652 44.314

6 12.592 16.812 26 38.885 45.642

7 14.067 18.475 27 40.113 46.963
8 15.507 20.090 28 41.337 48.278
9 16.919 21.666 29 42.557 49.588
10 18.307 23.209 30 43.773 50.892

11 19.675 24.725 40 55.758 63.691

12 21.026 26.217 50 67.505 76.154
13 22.362 27.688 60 79.082 88.379
14 23.685 29.141 70 90.531 100.425
15 24.996 30.578 80 101.879 112.329
90 113.145 124.116
16 26.296 32.000 100 124.342 135.807
17 27.587 33.409
18 28.869 34.805
19 30.144 36.191
20 31.410 37.566

Source: Adapted from Donald Owen, Handbook of Statistical Tables, © 1962 by Addison–Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of
Addison–Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
 A-15

  Appendix B B-7

Table B.5a The F Distribution (α = .01 in the right tail)

df (
bet Numerator Degrees of Freedom
df ( we
wit en)
hin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
)
1 4052.2 4999.5 5403.4 5624.6 5763.6 5859.0 5928.4 5981.1 6022.5
2 98.503 99.000 99.166 99.249 99.299 99.333 99.356 99.374 99.388
3 34.116 30.817 29.457 28.710 28.237 27.911 27.672 27.489 27.345
4 21.198 18.000 16.694 15.977 15.522 15.207 14.976 14.799 14.659

5 16.258 13.274 12.060 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158

6 13.745 10.925 9.7795 9.1483 8.7459 8.4661 8.2600 8.1017 7.9761
7 12.246 9.5466 8.4513 7.8466 7.4604 7.1914 6.9928 6.8400 6.7188
8 11.259 8.6491 7.5910 7.0061 6.6318 6.3707 6.1776 6.0289 5.9106
9 10.561 8.0215 6.9919 6.4221 6.0569 5.8018 5.6129 5.4671 5.3511
10 10.044 7.5594 6.5523 5.9943 5.6363 5.3858 5.2001 5.0567 4.9424
11 9.6460 7.2057 6.2167 5.6683 5.3160 5.0692 4.8861 4.7445 4.6315
12 9.3302 6.9266 5.9525 5.4120 5.0643 4.8206 4.6395 4.4994 4.3875
Denominator Degrees of Freedom

13 9.0738 6.7010 5.7394 5.2053 4.8616 4.6204 4.4410 4.3021 4.1911

14 8.8616 6.5149 5.5639 5.0354 4.6950 4.4558 4.2779 4.1399 4.0297

15 8.6831 6.3589 5.4170 4.8932 4.5556 4.3183 4.1415 4.0045 3.8948

16 8.5310 6.2262 5.2922 4.7726 4.4374 4.2016 4.0259 3.8896 3.7804
17 8.3997 6.1121 5.1850 4.6690 4.3359 4.1015 3.9267 3.7910 3.6822
18 8.2854 6.0129 5.0919 4.5790 4.2479 4.0146 3.8406 3.7054 3.5971
19 8.1849 5.9259 5.0103 4.5003 4.1708 3.9386 3.7653 3.6305 3.5225

20 8.0960 5.8489 4.9382 4.4307 4.1027 3.8714 3.6987 3.5644 3.4567

21 8.0166 5.7804 4.8740 4.3688 4.0421 3.8117 3.6396 3.5056 3.3981
22 7.9454 5.7190 4.8166 4.3134 3.9880 3.7583 3.5867 3.4530 3.3458
23 7.8811 5.6637 4.7649 4.2636 3.9392 3.7102 3.5390 3.4057 3.2986
24 7.8229 5.6136 4.7181 4.2184 3.8951 3.6667 3.4959 3.3629 3.2560
25 7.7698 5.5680 4.6755 4.1774 3.8550 3.6272 3.4568 3.3239 3.2172
26 7.7213 5.5263 4.6366 4.1400 3.8183 3.5911 3.4210 3.2884 3.1818
27 7.6767 5.4881 4.6009 4.1056 3.7848 3.5580 3.3882 3.2558 3.1494
28 7.6356 5.4529 4.5681 4.0740 3.7539 3.5276 3.3581 3.2259 3.1195
29 7.5977 5.4204 4.5378 4.0449 3.7254 3.4995 3.3303 3.1982 3.0920

30 7.5625 5.3903 4.5097 4.0179 3.6990 3.4735 3.3045 3.1726 3.0665

40 7.3141 5.1785 4.3126 3.8283 3.5138 3.2910 3.1238 2.9930 2.8876
60 7.0771 4.9774 4.1259 3.6490 3.3389 3.1187 2.9530 2.8233 2.7185
120 6.8509 4.7865 3.9491 3.4795 3.1735 2.9559 2.7918 2.6629 2.5586
∞ 6.6349 4.6052 3.7816 3.3192 30173 2.8020 2.6393 2.5113 2.4073
A-16

B-8 Essentials of Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice

Table B.5b The F Distribution (α = .01 in the right tail)

df
(b Numerator Degrees of Freedom
df etwe
(w
ith en)
in) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞

1 241.88 243.91 245.95 248.01 249.05 250.10 251.14 252.20 253.25 254.31
2 19.396 19.413 19.429 19.446 19.454 19.462 19.471 19.479 19.487 19.496
3 8.7855 8.7446 8.7029 8.6602 8.6385 8.6166 8.5944 8.5720 8.5494 8.5264
4 5.9644 5.9117 5.8578 5.8025 5.7744 5.7459 5.7170 5.6877 5.6581 5.6281
5 4.7351 4.6777 4.6188 4.5581 4.5272 4.4957 4.4638 4.4314 4.3985 4.3650

6 4.0600 3.9999 3.9381 3.8742 3.8415 3.8082 3.7743 3.7398 3.7047 3.6689
7 3.6365 3.5747 3.5107 3.4445 3.4105 3.1758 3.3404 3.3043 3.2674 3.2298
8 3.3472 3.2839 3.2184 3.1503 3.1152 3.0794 3.0428 3.0053 2.9669 2.9276
9 3.1373 3.0729 3.0061 2.9365 2.9005 2.8617 2.8259 2.7872 2.7475 2.7067
10 2.9782 2.9110 2.8450 2.7740 2.7372 2.6996 2.6609 2.6211 2.5801 2.5379

11 2.8536 2.7876 2.7186 2.6464 2.6090 2.5705 2.5309 2.4901 2.4480 2.4045
12 2.7534 2.6866 2.6169 2.5436 2.5055 2.4663 2.4259 2.3842 2.3410 2.2962
13 2.6710 2.6037 2.5331 2.4589 2.4202 2.1801 2.3392 2.2966 2.2524 2.2064
Denominator Degrees of Freedom

14 2.6022 2.5342 2.4630 2.3879 2.3487 2.1082 2.2664 2.2229 2.1778 2.1307
15 2.5437 2.4753 2.4034 2.3275 2.2878 2.2468 2.2043 2.1601 2.1l41 2.0658

16 2.4935 2.4247 2.3522 2.2756 2.2354 2.1938 2.1507 2.1058 2.0589 2.0096
17 2.4499 2.3807 2.3077 2.2304 2.1898 2.1477 2.1040 2.0584 2.0107 1.9604
18 2.4117 2.3421 2.2686 2.1906 2.1497 2.1071 2.0629 2.0166 1.9681 1.9168
19 2.3779 2.3080 2.2341 2.1555 2.1141 2.0712 2.0264 1.9795 1.9302 1.8780
20 2.3479 2.2776 2.2033 2.1242 2.0825 2.0391 1.9938 1.9464 1.8963 1.8432

21 2.3210 2.2504 2.1757 2.0960 2.0540 2.0102 1.9645 1.9165 1.8657 1.8117
22 2.2967 2.2258 2.1508 2.0707 2.0283 1.9842 1.9380 1.8894 1.8380 1.7831
23 2.2747 2.2036 2.1282 2.0476 2.0050 1.9605 1.9139 1.8648 1.8128 1.7570
24 2.2547 2.1834 2.1077 2.0267 1.9838 1.9390 1.8920 1.8424 1.7896 1.7330
25 2.2365 2.1649 2.0889 2.0075 1.9643 1.9192 1.8718 1.8217 1.7684 1.7110

26 2.2197 2.1479 2.0716 1.9898 1.9464 1.9010 1.8533 1.8027 1.7488 1.6906
27 2.2043 2.1323 20558 1.9736 1.9299 1.8842 1.8361 1.7851 1.7306 1.6717
28 2.1900 2.1179 2.0411 1.9586 1.9147 1.8687 1.8203 1.7689 1.7138 1.6541
29 2.1768 2.1045 2.0275 1.9446 1.9005 1.8543 1.8055 1.7537 1.6981 1.6376
30 2.1646 2.0921 2.0148 1.9317 1.8874 1.8409 1.7918 1.7396 1.6835 1.6223

40 2.0772 2.0035 1.9245 1.8389 1.7929 1.7444 1.6928 1.6373 1.5766 1.5089
60 1.9926 1.9174 1.8364 1.7480 1.7001 1.6491 1.5943 1.5343 1.4673 1.3893
120 1.9105 1.8337 1.7505 1.6587 l.6084 1.5543 1.4952 1.4290 1.3519 1.2539
∞ 1.8307 1.7522 1.6664 1.5705 1.5173 1.4591 1.3940 1.3180 1.2214 1.0000
Table B.6 The Studentized Range Statistic, q

q Value When Alpha = .05

df k
d(fb k
(w
et
w 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ithe
ine)n
)
1 18.0 27.0 32.8 37.1 40.4 43.1 45.4 47.4 49.1 50.6 52.0 53.2 54.3 55.4 56.3 57.2 58.0 58.8 59.6
2 6.09 8.3 9.8 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8
3 4.50 5.91 6.82 7.50 8.04 8.48 8.85 9.18 9.46 9.72 9.95 10.15 10.35 10.52 10.69 10.84 10.98 11.11 11.24
4 3.93 5.04 5.76 6.29 6.71 7.05 7.35 7.60 7.83 8.03 8.21 8.37 8.52 8.66 8.79 8.91 9.03 9.13 9.23
5 3.64 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.33 6.58 6.80 6.99 7.17 7.32 7.47 7.60 7.72 7.83 7.93 8.03 8.12 8.21

6 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.31 5.63 5.89 6.12 6.32 6.49 6.65 6.79 6.92 7.03 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.43 7.51 7.59
7 3.34 4.16 4.68 5.06 5.36 5.61 5.82 6.00 6.16 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.02 7.09 7.17
8 3.26 4.04 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.18 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.57 6.65 6.73 6.80 6.87
9 3.20 3.95 4.42 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.60 5.74 5.87 5.98 6.09 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.51 6.58 6.64
10 3.15 3.88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.12 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.72 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.11 6.20 6.27 6.34 6.40 6.47

11 3.11 3.82 4.26 4.57 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.90 5.99 6.06 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.33
12 3.08 3.77 4.20 4.51 4.75 4.95 5.12 5.27 5.40 5.51 5.62 5.71 5.80 5.88 5.95 6.03 6.09 6.15 6.21
13 3.06 3.73 4.15 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.86 5.93 6.00 6.05 6.11
14 3.03 3.70 4.11 4.41 4.64 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.92 5.97 6.03
15 3.01 3.67 4.08 4.37 4.60 4.78 4.94 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.40 5.49 5.58 5.65 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.90 5.96

16 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.52 5.59 5.66 5.72 5.79 5.84 5.90
17 2.98 3.63 4.02 4.30 4.52 4.71 4.86 4.99 5.11 5.21 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.55 5.61 5.68 5.74 5.79 5.84
18 2.97 3.61 4.00 4.28 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.43 5.50 5.57 5.63 5.69 5.74 5.79
19 2.96 3.59 3.98 4.25 4.47 4.65 4.79 4.92 5.04 5.14 5.23 5.32 5.39 5.46 5.53 5.59 5.65 5.70 5.75
20 2.95 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.43 5.49 5.55 5.61 5.66 5.71

24 2.92 3.53 3.90 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.81 4.92 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.38 5.44 5.50 5.54 5.59
30 2.89 3.49 3.84 4.10 4.30 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.83 4.92 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.33 5.38 5.43 5.48
40 2.86 3.44 3.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.74 4.82 4.91 4.98 5.05 5.11 5.16 5.22 5.27 5.31 5.36
60 2.83 3.40 3.74 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.88 4.94 5.00 5.06 5.11 5.16 5.20 5.24
120 2.80 3.36 3.69 3.92 4.10 4.24 4.36 4.48 4.56 4.64 4.72 4.78 4.84 4.90 4.95 5.00 5.05 5.09 5.13
∞ 2.77 3.31 3.63 3.86 4.03 4.17 4.29 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 4.85 4.89 4.93 4.97 5.01
  Appendix B
B-9

(Continued)
A-17
 A-18

Table B.6 (Continued)

B-10

q Value When Alpha = .01

df
(
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

w
ith
in)
1 90.0 135 164 186 202 216 227 237 246 253 260 266 272 277 282 286 290 294 298
2 14.0 19.0 22.3 24.7 26.6 28.2 29.5 30.7 31.7 32.6 33.4 34.1 34.8 35.4 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 37.9
3 8.26 10.6 12.2 13.3 14.2 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8
4 6.51 8.12 9.17 9.96 10.6 11.1 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4
5 5.70 6.97 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.32 9.67 9.97 10.24 10.48 10.70 10.89 11.08 11.24 11.40 11.55 11.68 11.81 11.93

6 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.61 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.49 9.65 9.81 9.95 10.08 10.21 10.32 10.43 10.54
7 4.95 5.92 6.54 7.01 7.37 7.68 7.94 8.17 8.37 8.55 8.71 8.86 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.35 9.46 9.55 9.65
8 4.74 5.63 6.20 6.63 6.96 7.24 7.47 7.68 7.87 8.03 8.18 8.31 8.44 8.55 8.66 8.76 8.85 8.94 9.03
9 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.35 6.66 6.91 7.13 7.32 7.49 7.65 7.78 7.91 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.32 8.41 8.49 8.57
10 4.48 5.27 5.77 6.14 6.43 6.67 6.87 7.05 7.21 7.36 7.48 7.60 7.71 7.81 7.91 7.99 8.07 8.15 8.22

11 4.39 5.14 5.62 5.97 6.25 6.48 6.67 6.84 6.99 7.13 7.25 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.65 7.73 7.81 7.88 7.95
Essentials of Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice

12 4.32 5.04 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 7.06 7.17 7.26 7.36 7.44 7.52 7.59 7.66 7.73
13 4.26 4.96 5.40 5.73 5.98 6.19 6.37 6.53 6.67 6.79 6.90 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.34 7.42 7.48 7.55
14 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.41 6.54 6.66 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.05 7.12 7.20 7.27 7.33 7.39
15 4.17 4.83 5.25 5.56 5.80 5.99 6.16 6.31 6.44 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.84 6.93 7.00 7.07 7.14 7.20 7.26

16 4.13 4.78 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.92 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56 6.66 6.74 6.82 6.90 6.97 7.03 7.09 7.15
17 4.10 4.74 5.14 5.43 5.66 5.85 6.01 6.15 6.27 6.38 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.73 6.80 6.87 6.94 7.00 7.05
18 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.38 5.60 5.79 5.94 6.08 6.20 6.31 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.79 6.85 6.91 6.96
19 4.05 4.67 5.05 5.33 5.55 5.73 5.89 6.02 6.14 6.25 6.34 6.43 6.51 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.78 6.84 6.89
24 3.96 4.54 4.91 5.17 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.81 5.92 6.02 6.11 6.19 6.26 6.33 6.39 6.45 6.51 6.56 6.61

30 3.89 4.45 4.80 5.05 5.24 5.40 5.54 5.65 5.76 5.85 5.93 6.01 6.08 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.31 6.36 6.41
40 3.82 4.37 4.70 4.93 5.11 5.27 5.39 5.50 5.60 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.90 5.96 6.02 6.07 6.12 6.17 6.21
60 3.76 4.28 4.60 4.82 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.60 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.89 5.93 5.98 6.02
120 3.70 4.20 4.50 4.71 4.87 5.01 5.12 5.21 5.30 5.38 5.44 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.66 5.71 5.75 5.79 5.83
∞ 3.64 4.12 4.40 4.60 4.76 4.88 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.23 5.29 5.35 5.40 5.45 5.49 5.54 5.57 5.61 5.65