r Of
¯Amþþþt³
¨qywt As 1.4
rWt wF ¨t ¯Amt¯ T§r\ r}An ¨ Tym¡± A r d`l ¨FAF± dbm rbt`§
¶Atn ¤ n ¨¡ A Trt Tnkmm ¶Atn A Ð ¢ Yl Pn§ ©@ ¤ ,Of @¡ ¨ Ahy
.n · m :¨¡ A` ytrtl Tnkmm ¶Atn m ¨¡ «r Trt Tnkmm
Permutations § Abt .1.1.4
¨ k Ðw r}An` £@¡ Tl§db ¢ Tflt m r}An` n y r ¨ms : 1.1.4 §r`
£@¡ AhlykK km§ ¨t Awmm d ¨¡ .n = k © r}An` ym @¥ ªrK ,r
: TyAt T®`A Ahn rb`§¤ .± Yl r}An` £@¡ d y r ®tA lt ¨t r}An`
Pn = n!
.¨lA n rq§
¤d ¾Am¶ wk Ty¶ wK` Trt , Twmm r}An ym d tF § ¢± ¾ r\
.AC
? (a, b, c) ¤r Twm y rt Tnkmm rW d w¡ A : 1 A
.(c, b, a) ,(c, a, b), (b, c, a), (b, a, c), (a, c, b), (a, b, c) rV 6 Yl O rJAbm d` ®
65
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of ¨qywt As .1.4
3 Twm Tnkm ®§db 6 An¡ ¢ y .Tl§dbtA r`§ Aby rt £@¡ d ¤
.Tflt r}An
¤± r CAyt t§ y .d`l ¨FAF± dbm dA AS§ Tytn £@¡ Yl wO km§¤
.A r CAyt¯ d ¤ r¤ ,¨A r CAyt® yr An Yqb§ ¤ rV ®
Ð ryb`t km§
P3 = 3! = 3 · 2 · 1 = 6
(J) º rf} r , (B) ºACE r , (R) º rm r Yl ©wt§ Hy r C s : 2 A
:¨¡ Tlmtm ¶Atn .(V ) º rS r ¤
(R, B, J, V ), (R, B, V, J), (R, J, B, V ), (R, J, V, B), (R, V, B, J), (R, V, J, B),
(B, R, J, V ), (B, R, V, J), (B, J, R, V ), (B, J, V, R), (B, V, R, J), (B, V, J, R),
(J, R, B, V ), (J, R, V, B), (J, B, R, V ), (J, B, V, R), (J, V, R, B), (J, V, B, R),
(V, R, B, J), (V, R, J, B), (V, B, R, J), (V, B, J, R), (V, J, R, B), (V, J, B, R).
.Twmm £@h Tlmt Tl§db 24 An¡ @
wF TA £@¡ ¨ .Tr k Tnkmm r}An` d rR ¨fk§ , Tlmtm § Abt As Xysbt
¨ µA As wk§
P4 = 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 4! = 24.
Arrangement Tby rt .2.1.4
.A Twm r}An d` Ty¶z Twm y r ¨¡ Tby rt : 2.1.4 §r`
.A¡r}An y r Tb rm Twmm Hf Aby r zymt§
d An , (A, B, C) ¤r Yl ©wt Twm An§d A Ð ,Am ybF Yl
.Twmml Tnkmm Aby rt ym y (B, A) ¤ (A, B) TyAt Aby rt
.¯ AC Tr A Ð A Yl ¾ Amt Tnkmm Aby rt d As lt §
:TyAt TyO d tFA Tnkmm Aby rt d As t§ ,AC ¤d Tr TA ¨
n!
An =
(n − k)!
rks rSy dm T`A 66 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±
¨qywt As .1.4 ¯Amþþþt³ . r Of
A¡CAyt ¨t Twmm r}An d k m§¤ Twmm ¨ r}An` d n m§ y
.Ty¶z Twmm
Ty¶ wK` Trt º r Ð ,(D, E, F, G) Twmm ¾Ay¶ wK yr CAytA wq : 3 A
Tnkmm Aby rt .¨A sl km r}An 3 ¤ ¤± sl Tnkm r}An 4 Anh ,AC ¤
:¨AtA ¡ @
(D, E), (D, F ), (D, G),
(E, D), (E, F ), (E, G),
(F, D), (F, E), (F, G),
(G, D), (G, E), (G, F ).
.Tlmt Tyt 12 ¢wm A An¡ @
:TA k Tnkmm r}An` d rR TWF w Tlmtm ¶Atn d` Xysb Annkm§
4·3= Tnkm Tby r 12
£® TyO d tFA
n!
An =
(n − k)!
:¨At AsA wq An , k = 2 ¤ n = 4 y
4! 24
A4 = = = Tnkm Tby r 12.
(4 − 2)! 2
:TyAt TyO d tFA Tnkmm Aby rt d As t§ ,AC s TA ¨
nk = Tnkmm Aby rt d
.CAt m Ty¶z Twmml r}An` d k m§¤ Twmm ¨ r}An` d n m§ y
Ay¶ wK s Ð .(D, E, F, G) Twmm ¾Ay¶ wK yr CAytA wq : 4 A
Aby rt .¨A sl Tlmt r}An 4 ¤ ¤± sl Tlmt r}An 4 Anh ,AC³
:¨l§ Am ¨¡ Tnkmm
(D, D), (D, E), (D, F ), (D, G),
(E, D), (E, E), (E, F ), (E, G),
(F, D), (F, E), (F, F ), (F, G),
(G, D), (G, E), (G, F ), (G, G).
y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF± 67 rks rSy dm T`A
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of ¨qywt As .1.4
.Tlmt Tyt 16 ¢wm A An¡ @
: F k Tnkmm r}An` d rS Tlmtm ¶Atn As Xysb Annkm§
A4 = 4 · 4 = Tnkm Tby r 16.
:d , k = 2 ¤ n = 4 y £® TyO Ab A
nk = 42 = Tnkmm Tby r 16
Combinaisons Aqywt .3.1.4
.Twmm l r}An d` \n ry y r w¡ r}An` Twm Tqyw : 3.1.4 §r`
t§ .Twmm ¨ Tb rm ry r}An` Ty¶z Twm wt A Twm Tqyw
:¨At wn Yl AC ¤ Ty¶ wK Trt Tlmtm Awmm d d§d
Tnkmm Aby rt d
Tnkmm Awmm d =
y rt @¡ ¨ Tnkmm § Abt d
tk ¤
n!
Cnk =
k!(n − k)!
¨ dm r}An` d k m§¤ Twmm ¨ Tnkmm r}An` d n m§ y
.CAt m Twmm
ºACE r , (R) º rm r Yl ©wt§ Hy ¨¶ wK kK r ® F t§ : 5 A
TyO d tFA Tnkmm Awmm d d§d t§ .(V ) º rS r ¤ (J) º rf} r , (B)
.£®
4! 24
Tnkmm Awmm d = C43 = = =4
3!(4 − 3)! 6
:Tnkm Aby r 24 An¡ , y rt CAbt¯ y` @±
(R, B, J), (R, B, V ), (R, J, B), (R, J, V ), (R, V, B), (R, V, J),
(B, R, J), (B, R, V ), (B, J, R), (B, J, V ), (B, V, R), (B, V, J),
(J, R, B), (J, R, V ), (J, B, R), (J, B, V ), (J, V, R), (J, V, B),
(V, R, B), (V, R, J), (V, B, R), (V, B, J), (V, J, R), (V, J, B).
rks rSy dm T`A 68 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±
Aqþywt Q w .2.4 ¯Amþþþt³ . r Of
CAbt¯ ¨ A@ Ð Twl CA T® CAyt¯ Tflt rV 6 An¡ d , w± d tFA
.Tlmtm § Abt d wt§ @¡ . y rt
:¨l§ Am ¨¡ Awmm £@¡ ¨AtA¤ ,4 w¡ Tlmtm Awmm d
(R, B, J), (R, B, V ), (J, B, V ), (J, V, R).
k=3 ¤ n = 4 y £® TyO d tFA Awmm d s km§
4! 24
C43 = = =4
3!(4 − 3)! 6
d tFA Tlmtm Awmm d As t§ , AC³ Ty¶ wK Tr º r TA ¨
:TyAt TyO
(n + k − 1)!
Tnkmm Awmm d =
k!(n − 1)!
Twmm ¨ dm r}An` d k m§¤ Twmm ¨ r}An` d n m§ y
. s ¨ CAt m
rk yn ¤ , º rm r Yl ©wt r ¨¶ wK kK r ® F t§ : 6 A
º r TA ¨ Tnkmm Afywt d d§d d§r .TlOfn º rS r C¤ TlOfnm ºACz
.AC³ AwF
.k = 3 ¤ n = 7 , An¡
:¨At As º r wq , £® TyO d tFA
(7 + 3 − 1)! 9
Tnkmm Awmm d = = = Twm 84.
3!(7 − 1)! 3! · 6!
Aqþywt Q w 2.4
rþþZAnt .1.2.4
: w¡ rOn n Ð Twm Ðwm ¤ rOn k Ð Awmm d
n!
Cnk =
k!(n − k)!
y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF± 69 rks rSy dm T`A
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of Aqþywt Q w .2.4
:TyAt Q w An§d ¢n ¤
-1
Cn0 = Cnn = 1
±
n!
Cn0 = Cnn = =1
n!
n≥1 - 2
Cn1 = Cnn−1 = n
n≥2 - 3
n(n − 1)
Cn2 = Cnn−2 =
2
:n ≥ k d rtA ¤
n!
Cnk = Cnn−k = .
k!(n − k)!
AkFA Ty} ¤ Tbr Aqyw .2.2.4
.Any` rOn @ ,rOn n y
k−1 k−1
CAyt¯ Amt Cn−1 Anh , CAt m k r}An` d w¡ rOn` @¡ A Ð
.Tyqbt rOn n − 1 y r rOn
Anh , s ºz , «r TyA , CAyt³ y rOn` @¡ k§ Ð
k
.Tyqbtm r}An` n − 1 þ y «r± r}An` CAyt¯ Amt Cn−1
TyAt T®` Yl AnlO Ahn
k−1 k
Cn−1 + Cn−1 = Cnk .
.T®` £@h rJAbm ybWt AkFA l ª¤rJ tn
rks rSy dm T`A 70 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±
Aqþywt Q w .2.4 ¯Amþþþt³ . r Of
n
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
k
rWs Ðwm yq ¤ k wm` Ðwm yq m ¨fk§ , AkFA l ºAK³
Ф ,TA ¤ r k TOO m Tmyq Yl wO t§ .(£® ¤d r\ ) n
.CAsy Y £® wwm rm Tmy¤ ,rJAb £® wwm rm Tmy m §rV
.£® Cw@m Q w ybW wt§ @¡
¨¶An §d Ð A`m ¤ T§ d` ®iA`m Yl wOA AkFA l ms§ : 1 T\®
.Ty` r Ty} §rV wy
Binôme de Newton §d Ð wy Ty} .3.2.4
¨¡ la formule du binôme de Newton wyn d ¨¶An Yms§ A ¤ §d Ð T§r\
£@¡ Yl lW§¤ .A Ty} wq wr d ¨¶An rK A§³ wy Ah`R¤ Ty}
. wyn d ¨¶An Ty} TyO
:An§d y ¤ x d ¤ n ∈ N : 1.2.4 §r`
n
X
(x + y)n = Cnk xn−k y k
k=0
Twhs ®A`m £@¡ Yl wO km§ , wy ®A` ¤ §d Ð ®A`m Cnk ¨ms
.AkFA l d tFA
y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF± 71 rks rSy dm T`A
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of Ty¶ dt³ d± ºAþS .3.4
:AnyW`§ (x + y)3 d` yl : 1 A
3
X
3
(x + y) = C3k x3−k y k
k=0
= C30 x3 y 0 + C31 x2 y + C32 xy 2 + C33 x0 y 3
= 1x3 y 0 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + 1x0 y 3
= x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 .
¨At kK Yl wy ®A` wm d x = y = 1 Rw : 2 T\®
n
X
n
2 = Cnk
k=0
.rOn n þ Ð E Twmm rOn k Yl ©wt Ty¶z Twm r}An d m§ Cnk
.2n w¡ rOn n Ð Twmm º z Awmm r}An wm ¢n¤
Ty¶ dt³ d± ºAþS 3.4
d± w .1.3.4
.Ty¶ wK Trt Tlmtm ¶Atn ºAS Ty¶z Twm w¡ d : 1.3.4 §r`
.d yqt Ty wm (¯A ¤) ¶Atn : Ty¶z Twmm £@¡ Y ¨mtn ¨t r}An` Yms
¤ bqtsm ¨ d§ ¥bn ¨n`§ ,¥bn §dq Ay± {` ¨ Annkm§ , Ty¶ wK Tr ®
wO Yl §C A wknF , d @¡ ® .Ð ¤d T}r ¢§d k , ¤r` ry
.Tlmtm ¶Atn ym y Tny` ¶At Yl
. d± d§d` d§ km§ , 6 Y 1 Tmr ¢¤ TtF r ¨r Anm Ð : 1 A
w¡ Tlmtm ¶Atn ºAS
Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
rks rSy dm T`A 72 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±
Ty¶ dt³ d± ºAþS .3.4 ¯Amþþþt³ . r Of
d° A d° Tlmtm ¶Atn
A:5 Yl Ot A = {5}
B : © r d Yl Ot B = {1, 3, 5}
C : 4 rb d Yl Ot C = {5, 6}
D : ¨¤ d Yl Ot D = {2, 3, 5}
.¯Amt³ ºAS ¶At ym ¤ d`t ¶At ¤ d ¤ Tyt d wt§ km§
. d± Tflt w ¨AtA An¡ .Tyt © wt ¯ d Am
¨¶ dt³ d .2.3.4
ºAS ¤ Twm Xq d ¤ Tyt Yl ©wt§ A Ð ¨¶ dt d wk§ : 2.3.4 §r`
.Singleton rfm ¨¶ dt¯ d kK ¨t Tytn Yms ¤ .¯Amt¯
Ad obtenir l’as de coeur d .TC¤ 52 Twm TC¤ s wq -1 : 2 A
.¯Amt¯ Twm Xq d ¤ Tyt Yl ©wt§ ¢± Ay¶ dt
.1/52 w¡ d @¡ Amt
Tyt Yl ©wt§ ¢± ¨¶ dt d w¡ rn ¨C dn (3 r Yl wO ) d -2
.¯Amt¯ Twm Xq d ¤
.1/6 w¡ d @¡ Amt
.1 ©¤As§ Ty¶ wK` Trtl Ty¤± d± ym ¯Amt¯ wm : 1 T\®
yts ¤ km ,dy d .3.3.4
, X @¡ Yl .¯Amt¯ X Yl Tlytsm ¤ Tlmtm d± {` yRw Annkm§
.Ah¤d Amt , CAsy Yl ww Tytn A Aml
%0 Tlyts Tnkm %100 dy
y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF± 73 rks rSy dm T`A
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of Ty¶ dt³ d± ºAþS .3.4
r ¨C Trt TWb rm ¶Atn : 3 A
Tnkm : ¨¤E C Yl Ot
%0 Tlyts :7 r Yl Ot %100 dy :6 ¤ 1 y C Yl Ot
wt§ w¡¤ .Am¶ d§ ©@ d w¡ événement certain dy± d : 3.3.4 §r`
.Tlmtm ¶Atn Twm
.%100 ¤ 1 w¡ d ÐA¡ ¤d Amt
± ,dy d w¡ r ¨r wq Adn (6 ¤ 1 y ¤ rt§ C Yl wO ) d : 4 A
.6/6 = 1 :w¡ d @¡ Amt ¤ Tlmtm ¶Atn Twm wt§ d
AS§ wq .d§ km§ ©@ d w¡ événement possible mtm d : 4.3.4 §r`
.mtm d
.yrW §@¡ A`btF t§ y ,1 ¤ 0 y d @¡ ¤d Amt ¤ rt§
± ,km¤ mt d w¡ r ¨r wq Adn (¨¤E C Yl wO ) d : 5 A
.(A = {2, 4, 6}) ¯Amt¯ ºAS TCA ry Ty¶z Twm wt§ d
.3/6 = 1/2 : w¡ d @¡ ¤d Amt
¤ , ¾ d d§ ©@l d w¡ événement impossible ytsm d : 5.3.4 §r`
.d§ ¢ d¥m
.0 Am¶ ¨¡ yts d w¤ TyAmt
± ®yts Ad w TtF r ¨r wq Adn (7 C Yl wO ) d : 6 A
.Tlmtm ¶Atn Twm ºz Hy 7r
.0 w¡ d @¡ Amt
rks rSy dm T`A 74 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±
Ty¶ dt³ d± ºAþS .3.4 ¯Amþþþt³ . r Of
Événements complémentaires Tylymk d .4.3.4
Adn¤ Tq wt ry wk Adn complémentaires TlAkt (B ¤ A) d± wk : 6.3.4 §r`
.Tlmtm ¶Atn ºAS Ah¶At §z wt§
A wk§ ¤ (A ∩ B = φ) ACA Amh`VAq wk§ § , ®Akt Ad wk§ ¨k
.(A ∪ B = Ω) Tlmtm ¶Atn ºASf A§¤As Amh¶At ¨twm
wmm @¡ .d ¯Amt wm (B ¤ A) ylAktm yd Amt Aq§
.1 ©¤As§
P (A) + P (B) = 1
.{A ¤ A zrA A dl mkm dl zr
¨r Adn (© r C Yl wO ) B d ¤ (¨¤E C Yl wO ) A d : 7 A
¶Atn Twm wt§ Ah¶At §z ± TlAkt d CAb w TtF¤Ð r
.Tlmtm
Ω
2 1
A 6 5 B
4 3
TyAnt ry ¤ TyAnt d .5.3.4
Yl d ¤ rOn h§d A Ð Compatibles AyAnt (B ¤ A) Ad wq : 7.3.4 §r`
(A ∩ B 6= φ) .TrtKm r}An` ±
© .Amhny rtK º¨J An¡ wk§ ¯ Adn Incompatibles yyAnt ry Ad wk§ ¤
(A ∩ B = φ) .CA TyAntm ry d± y VAqt
y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF± 75 rks rSy dm T`A
¯Amþþþt³ . r Of ¨Amt³ ºAþþSf .4.4
(5 ¤ 3 ,2 r Yl wO ) B d ¤ (6 ¤ 4 ,2 r Yl wO ) A d : 8 A
yd ® 2 Yl wO kmm ¢± AyAnt Ad Am¡ w TtF¤Ð r ¨r Adn
.A ∩ B = {2}
Ω
6
5
A 2 B
4 3
r ¨r Adn (5 r Yl wO ) B d ¤ (6 ¤ 4 ,2 r Yl wO ) A d
. A`VAqt§ ¯ Amh± AyAnt ry Ad Am¡ w TtF¤Ð
Ω
6
5
A 2 B
4
1 3
rks rSy dm T`A 76 y¡ r ¨my¡ r :ÐAtF±