op snes veLWween { Phase (1947-1950) The formal beginning of the Cold War was made with the initiation of the Truman doctrine, which put Cold War in action, On March 12, the US President asked Congress kislation {o support Greece and ‘Turkey which was under Soviet pressure. The president advocated a policy of Supporting ‘free people who are Tesisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside Pressures’ by implication anywhere in the world, Truman's ‘Containment’ Policy was based on its assessment of the Soviet Union as inherently hostile to Western interests and expanding its area of influence, ‘The threat in Western Europe was the srowth of Communist parties encouraged by postwar poverty and hunger, The Truman doctrine was accompanied by the ‘Marshall Han’ named after George C. Marshall, the Secretary of State. This plan was meant for economic recovery and reconstruction of Europe. The idea was to extend help to those European nations which had been devastated during the World War on the condition that they work together for their mutual benefit, The Marshall Plan was proposed to | neutralize such danger of more and more European power joining Stalin’ ideological framework. In other words, the Marshall Plan was the economic version of the policy of __ containment propounded through the Truman doctrine. The Plan was a great success in |_ storing prosperity to Western Europe and encouraged international cooperation. This policy of ‘containment’ was a successful response to the Communist challenge. In reaction to these measures, Stalin called a meeting of all Communist parties around the world at Warsaw in 1947, They organized the Communist Information Bureau ‘Cominform’ to coordinate the activities of its allies. It was meant to tighten Soviet’s control over the Eastern Europe. Hence, the Cold War was in full swing with these measures and counter-measures throughout the Europe. The Berlin blockade was the first indication ofa confrontationist “Pproach and the subsequent creation of NATO in 1949 was further vindication of this Politics, NATO: First Cold War creation to transcend Europe. The Western powers had signed ‘ Ceaty setting up a new alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in ‘ptil 1949. The United States, Canada and most of the European states were members. Sweden, Switzerland and Spain did not join. Itwas a defensive alliance and provided for a Mutual defense of any member attacked. For the first time, the United States cm ewatted to defend allies outside the Western hemisphere. The NATO treaty forme West into a bloc, Later, West Germany, Greece and Turkey joined the bloc. ; _poviet telations with the states of Eastern Europe were governed pasetescrulater| “S Providing for mutual assistance in case of attack. In 1949 the Council136 + Perspectives on International Me dations and Warld Iistory ale the economies ) was formed to 1H direct Savie F ITECE Soviet dosnig alliance syste wis Hie atc civil war Ved 10 victory a wry of A the Of the Economic Assistanee (COMECON states. Unlike NATO, the Hastern the thirty-years long, Chinese Apart from this, communists, Communism in China: In China, Communism thrived. In 1945, there had beet two Chinese governments - the nationalists in Southern China and the communis Northern China. ___ Civil was between the two sides ended in victory for communist rule under N° Zedong, On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong ded creation ofthe People's Republic of China (PRC), The announcement ended the cv ra eke p inese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, oF Kuo comateeaEE yoke out immediately following World War II. The creation of 9°" ines gompleted the long process of governmental upheaval in China beet by toni States 11.7 he “fall” of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the Fs = diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. which Sai eeroan Hee began a new programme called and working t ‘all farms into vast communes with more ig together. Mao promised more equal rice distribution. the Great Leap fort han 30,00 peor ene Communes osCold War: Different Phases + 137 | child care so that women could work i onmund Evo rk in the fields alongsid i ait man Mao hoped that life in the communes would allow China to ee But the Great Leap Forward was a big failure and caused one of the worden vorst ciety: so ines. By 1960, the government abandoned the programme. ite 1970s, Deng Xiaopi: és Inthe ae ee Xiaoping of CPC (Communist Party of China) tried to move china toward a market economy in a set of reforms called the four Modernizations. Th four Modernizations in agriculture, industry, national defense, science and technolo} i yyereintended to make China a major economic power. China's economy improved in the 19808, when the country finally opened its doors to outside investment from countries like the US. When people learned more about - the west, some began to criticize the communist party and call for democracy. In May 1989, student-protesters demanded on endto corruption. They want - the Communist Party leaders to resign. In June, protesters set - up in Tienanmen Square in Beijing, Deng Xiaoping sent-tanks and troops. Between 500 to 2000 people were killed. Even though China experienced political conflict, the country has developed into one of the strongest-economies in the world. The communist takeover in China in 1949 transformed Asian politics. Small communist movements in Malaya, Indo-China and Korea began against Western imperialism. By 1949, the Soviet Union exploded its own atomic bomb and the race for nuclear weapons began. During the late 1940s and throughout 1950s, the Soviet Union repeatedly used its veto in the Security Council. Second Phase (1950-1953) We 4 MacARTHUR MADE AN aah UctRELY AMPHIBIOUS INVASION AT INCHON, ‘WHICH TURNED THE TIDE oF WAR. eenw ~ 138 + Perspectives on International Relations and World History By 1950, America’s policy of ‘containment’ of disarmament and reduction in military expenditure. Korea: In Korea, there was division between governments that worsened into military confrontati The second phase was marked with the Kore: Europe. Before World War II, Korea h: The US props dividing. The United Nations put together a team of soldiers led by US General Doug Macarthur (who had helped take Japan in World War II and has overseen its occupation) to help South Korea. f the Soviet Union coincide wih ‘pid communist and non. ‘com ions, Imunist ‘an crisis which took the ColdWa - ‘ad been as Japanese Colony, TOUtside Japanese - occupied Korea on the 38th parallel. The Soviets helped communists take power in North Korea and the US supported the democratic overnment in South : ° PP. 8 Korea. In 1945 Korea had been divided along the 38th parallel, its industrial north being occupied by the Russians and the agricultural south by the Americans. The problem af reunification was referred to the United Nations. After efforts to obtain elections for the whole country, a government was set up in the South as the only lawful government of the Republic of Korea. The civil war started between 1950 and 1953. After Russian and American forces had both withdrawn, North Korean forces invaded the South in ae ithin two days, President Truman sent American forces to fight in the name Sei a i ist aggression but the Russians the United Nations. The Security Council had ar resist ce SO he allel ing ions. were boycotting it and hence could not veto U! IN ac Praiting drew neat the Manchurian army was operating north of the 38th parallel. en Ae ove back the UN army. The border, Chinese communist forces intervened and drove ack the UN question arose of direct action including nue cal rie por + tet not become invol rd tn China. President Truman insisted that the U ni eo seta keep the North Koreasintte greater war in Asia, Although the Chinese might beable keep he Nor ee ; ea agains Da eaiG field, they could not overturn South Korea nee ne confirmed the d sion of started. The armistice was signed in 7 aa th, Yet tension remains high beswoon ee into communist north and capitalist so eked aggression that resembl a he s. The Korean invasion was an unprovoked SEB gg: 20). Ao eeetch as the Japanese invasion of Man european systel ; ety of the European sist a ilapse of collective security and is rs ts war did pot bn acne Rerapantsy of the United a pbalised the containment pole It challenge pee ot significant chang in power equations as the cold war. d and tt its atom bom? vol ne Soviet Union asit exploded its atom HT. d ¥ foned that it was nificant for Jcholars mentioned th i i ear arse This period is also so the U.S. Many sche possessed the nuclear a attained strategic Parity wit oth the super an era of balance of ter 7) Third Phase (1953-195 i) wer how in 1953. Bisenhorr) .d, the US shifted its policyCold War: Different Phases + 139 containment to massive retaliation. In Russi imple by Nikita Khrushchev. In a sensation; tare ae tie! ia, a proc v al speech mad th congress of the Soviet communist party, vrthe ‘alin era and declared ‘peaceful coexistenc oft Competition for power and influence g War was transported to another part of Asiai.e,, Indo-China and Vietnam. Whar of liberation ended with French defeat in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu and ace ‘qision between communist north and capitalist south. France virtually aband wal vietnam. France had once colonized Vietnam as part of Indo-China “(Present da ambodia, Laos and Vietnam). French involvement in Indochina continued after World War II until 1954, when a Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh defeated the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Like Korea, Vietnam was divided into acommunist North anda non-communist - South Communist rebels in South Vietnam called the Viet cont and tried to white the entire country under communist rule. Once more the Us got involved and sent economic aid as well as military troops. The US was afraid of seeing a Domino Effect, it believed that if the communists won South Vietnam, other Asian counties would also fall , (like Dominoes) to communism. The Vietnam war lasted for years Killing thousands of Americans and Vietnamese. The US launched an aggressive bombing campaign against North Vietnam called Operation Rolling Thunder plus chemical warfare in which it sprayed the herbicide Agent ; Orange to destroy Vietnamese jungles and crops. In spite of all its military | Y power, superior equipment and large numbers of troops the US failed to defeat the North Vietnamese. Ho Chi Minh and the North Vietnamese waged guerrilla warfare i.e., they would attack before running or hiding in the jungle and they built under-ground tunnels. Antiwar movements in the US protested and called for an end to the war, especially after American troops killed Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai |; massacre of 1968 and entered another Country Cambodia in 1970 to back up air strikes. In 1973, the US withdrew the toops from South Vietnam. Fighting F}- ess of de-Stalinisation was le at a secret session 7 ses of the Khrushchey denounced the misdeeds ¢’ the goal of Russian foreign po pread to the third world, Very soon the Cold In Indo-China, Saigon140 + Perspectives on International Relations and Wo continued between the North and the South until communist of South Vietnam, Saigon and renamed its Ho Chi Min! In 1976, they united Viemam under communist ru marked by the signing of Warsaw Pact among Rus Germany into East and West. The Warsaw Pact of May Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumanie Thus,Europe was divided into two unfriendly blocs. Khrushchev policy let loose reformist forces in the Easter Europe was controlled but situation in Hungary became » 1956,Soviet intervention in Hungary heated up the Cold in Hungary coincided with an attack on Egypt by Brit precipitated by Colonel Nasser’s seizure of Suez Canal. The Suez crisis took the Cold War politics to the Middle East. wi since the founding of the state of Israel in 1948. Both the USA and the USSR: the creation of a Jewish State. But in 1950's, the Sovi i nationalism. Nasser moved towards a form of socialism, though no: brand. In the meanwhile, Israel developed relations with British and the F to a secret understanding to attack Egypt is 1956. In 1954, the SEATO hed alrestyom: into existence in the South-East Asia after the defeat of the French by and the subsequent division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel. The Baghdad Jater known as CENTO was signed in 1955.1986 pian, “Ono May 1988 Vietnam began its withdrawal from Cambodia April 1992 | A new Vietnamese Constitution reaffirm Vietnam and encour itera decay ed Co in aon watt MMunigt Co July 11,1995] US President Bill Clinton normalized qj Vietnam. nal Plomatic Tel ‘tions 7) Fourth Phase (1957-1962) Throughout this time, the US and the Soviet union built up their armies This build up was known as the Arms Race. No battles were fought {ono Mtajy, countries during the Cold War. The arms race led to advancements jn meen © tig tanks and other weapon systems. Nuclear weapons became increasing =" each side tried to out do the other with deadlier bombs, until each nation ages enough bombs to destroy each other several times over. More thay In the beginning, this phase was marked by the principle of Co-existence, the USSR launched the first satellite, Sputnik I Four years later it put the ee? space, During the 1950s, both India and Russia supported Peking over ava that the matter was one of Chinese internal affairs. The quarrel with Indie grewou’ the Chinese occupation of Tibet. When the Chinese further tighten their grasp oni country in 1959, Indian policy seemed sympathetic to China. An attempt by theTitxia exiles to set up a government on Indian soil was stifled. By then territorial disputes hag begun. The Chinese announced that they did not recognize a border with India alon; lines drawn bya British-Tibetan negotiation in 1914. Asa result, there was Sino-Indiaar in the autumn of 1962. In 1961, a further crisis developed in Germany when, prompt by Moscow, East Germany built a permanent armed barrier between the Westem and Eastern sectors of Berlin: the Berlin Wall. The Cuban Missile Crisis The crisis over Cuba in 1962 was the most dangerous moment is the Cold Wat Cuba had been a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898. It achievedFourth Phase (1957-1962) oN Throughout this time, the US and the Soviet union built Up their arm; This build up was known as the Arms Race. No battles were fought bo Weapon countries during the Cold War. The arms race led to advancements ee he te tanks and other weapon systems. Nuclear weapons became increasing} ra 5, each side tried to out do the other with deadlier bombs, until each nations eur enough bombs to destroy each other several times over. ad Mote thay In the beginning, this phase was marked by the principle of Co-existeng the USSR launched the first satelite, Sputnik I. Four years later it put the en ™ space During the 1950s, both India and Russia supported Peking over awe that the matter was one of Chinese internal affairs. The quarrel with dig the Chinese occupation of Tibet. When the Chinese further tighten ther grep country in 1959, Indian policy seemed sympathetic to China. An attempt by the Tibi : exiles fo set up a government on Indian soil was stifled. By then territorial disjunac begun. The Chinese announced that they did not recognize a border with Iie lines drawn by a British-Tibetan negotiation in 1914. Asa result, there was Sino-Indave in the autumn of 1962, In 1961, a further crisis developed in Germany wien, pone by Moscow, East Germany built a permanent armed barrier between the Wester ani Eastern sectors of Berlin: the Berlin Wall. The Cuban Missile Crisis ‘The crisis over Cuba in 1962 was the most dangerous moment is the Cold Wiz Cuba had been a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898. It achieved@ War: Different Piases + oas endence within sphere of influence. in Cuba jon of workers and peasants agair Tui to provide education, health care sagan on gated Walected in Cuba. Many of the sugar ds, Fulgencio Batista, a dictetor supported by the US he vad experienced much political unrest Os July cubs Be fully attacked a government army barrack sutteand Kept its name from the date the Twenty-sixth of julv M exile Tad his followers landed in Cuba ava organized guerrilla on Batista’ st0 Mont. By late 1958, Castros Position was strong and Batista fied Cuba on New gore yy in 1959. The situation in 1859 won different, years Castro and athers = in Vietnam was deepening, the Soviet-Chinese relations were also becoming By 1969, China and the Soviet Russia had fought a minor border war due dispute. The American president Nixon and his adviser Henry Kissinger ete ing, in the US-USSR ‘Detente’ as well as the Sino-American Tapprochement. This ne. in the Soviet-American relations did not lead to cessation ofall politcal cons the superpowers supported and patronized friendly regimes and movement 2, notably, the third world countries became the theatre of such activities. The jp war of 1971 and the upheavals in Ethiopia in 1975 and Angola in 1978 are cases the two superpowers pursued their political goals by meddling into local conflicts 1973, Israel maintained a violent relationship with neighbouring states, As both the US and the USSR realised the cost of nuclear proliferation, th the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 1972 to limit the spread of nuclear ve Seventh Phase (1979-1987): The New Cold War The new Cold War started with Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979 sit the end of the period of ‘Detente’. The new cold war phase witnessed massive race and it also reached the outer space which was done through American Pe Reagan's ‘Star-war programme’. The new cold war, which followed the short period of detente in supet relationship is associated with this period. The critics of detente in the W' vindicated when the Soviet forces occupied Afghanistan is 1979 and whichis ons to be the beginning of the second cold war. The Western critics of detent, from beginning, were arguing that Soviet Union was only trying to acquire nuclear sr The subsequent strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which become populer2s”S and which was defence related research programme designed to explore the Pos of space based defence against missiles, was the immediate fall out of thes war. on Nutt The USA, under its new president Regan made significant depart oc Weapons and its intervention is Grenada (1983) and Libya (1986). Regn es rebels in Nicaragua and his doctrine for Latin America triggered fesh © yu The Soviets were not far behind. In 1983, Soviet air defences shot dow" # civilian airline in its air space, 4 10 have jgg ad to live j Te Were also ad‘War | is or am Gel 2 August, 1990 to 28 February, ‘i cal a a arranged for daily broad {images from no boar ported tional desert storm. [ran and [rag are ol producing Cour! Pies, rad ipvadet nee banned the export of iI whereas de clopment of any recast rian rulers, WO ‘shiped by peor ai vons, After he was CauBD" he was tried Int national COUN of Justice, yy coalition forces fromm 35 nations led PY the USA again’ faq in respo? fo Iraq's invasion and ‘annexation of Kuwait arising from oil pricing and production ‘he war was located in traq, Kuwait saudi Arabi and the persian Gulf. Iraw’s dam Hussain ordered jnvasion and occupation f sghbouring Kwa arly Augus 1990s. Alarmed by these actions: f low Arab Po ers. such as saudi Ara ae and Egypt called on ‘United States and ‘other Western ations to interve when © e ail ordered Presider sad ne Hussain to Vac Kuwait, he esider ig War in January Ot With a massiv® iti countries). This United Nations S s President refused to do so us-led air offensi brfensive air attack lay George H.W. Bush deel February 28. By this tim Kuwait, Adhoc-grouPing & fro specific purposes, A Kustice, in justifying ‘avasion of Kuwait} jtwas an artificial stare carved 0 Kuwait had been internationally rec jons mandate after created by Britain ‘Though the long spgiran-iraw wast endl ‘August 1968, by mid 1999 the two treaty, When their foreign Ministers met in Geneve that July, the P? seemed more b saddam Hussain will give away all the territories his troops ‘n delivered a speech in which he oil fields more bright as if occupied. But just after tw saddam Hussai oe ea neighbouring nation weeigie of siphoning crude oll HOM Ark - Juah aceyted along their common Kuwjer, saddam Hussain insi re f : 7 isted th it i loca cancel their $30 billion borderg foreign debt and accuse? eee aes Aran to do something bad of aoe with a group of people) t0 Keel ices. Pee Plame to pander to Wester? ‘Oil buying nations. ;p oil prices low in an rg began sending tOOPS OM yng t's border. Alarmed by these actions, P id , Presi lent ventions by USA Hoshni Mubarak of Egypt started negotiations i r negotiations in order to ay id i Homother nations outside Gulf regions. Hussain broke off the negotiat ions only after two hours oP ‘August 2, 1990 ordered invas i sion of Kuwait + condemned Iraq's act of ro on Saud Ot eng audi Arabia's Kin; iS ~ ared C rospects for peaceaE Aw tional Relations and World Hi sovetnmentin exile turned to US and oth he ‘ E + ety Organization (NAO for support, Allied Respen or Member ong with George HAY, Bush (US President) i aha along with Ruawail’ f = Sou nn bets of ; immediately condemmen et Hon, ti \waeneat severe punishment for an aetion, On August, United Nation $n NON Security cin Arabia King alavmed traq tor withdrawal from Kuwait. Three With US Secretary of Defense Richard Deck CI the Persian Gulf war lingering effects can be faced by the the world due to war, In the immediate aftermath of the suppresed uprisings by Kurs in North and Shiites in South, Us faile uprising because they were afraid that if they succeeded Iraq's state wo Inthe years that followed, US and Britain aircrafts continued to patrol skies a ano-fly cone over Iraq. While Iraqi forces made every effort to frustrate the of peace terms especially United Nations Weapons inspections, This resul Tesumption of hostilities in 1998, after which Iraq steadfastly refused to ad inspection, In addition, Iraqi forces regularly exchanged fire with US & B; over the no-fly zone, Second Gulf War The US began the war in Iraq in March 2003. Baghdad was occupied and Saddam ousted. The war in Iraq officially continued for more than seven years. In 2008, hex Barack Obama was elected the forty-fourth President of the US, he Promised to bring troops home. In 2010, President Obama also agreed with Russia to reduce the numberoi Jong range nuclear weapons in US and Russian arsenals. Fear of nuclear weapons was also visible in Norh Korea when it announced in 2005 that it had nuclear weapons. ln 2015, China, France, Russia, the UK and the US struck a historic deal with Iran tocapits nuclear programme in exchange for eased sanctions. Despite a cooling of relations after the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979,ne0 agreements for nuclear disarmament were reached in the late 1980s. Mikal Grbac became president of the USSR in 1985. His new thinking and reformist oa in foreign policy along with his initiative for domestic reforms created a sort aft revolution both within the Soviet Union and its relations with the USA and the Nee powers. His policy of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) wales forces for change, which facilitated a new ‘Detente’ with the west. End of the Cold War days later Saud} uld be, Nd maintain Carrying ou ted in brie Imit weapons british aircraj wa 7 5 of Glas’ ‘The advent of Gorbachev on the Soviet s form policies ig peat and Perestroika in domestic matters and his ngage a we paved te negotiations transformed the international politics of the Cold War (ays. ‘Gobel way for agreements on nuclear weapons and conventional forces. In ime ange signed the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which banned ed ene GeO’ nuclear missiles, including cruise and perishing II. Later the American pe va Bush and Gorbachev concluded a strategic Arms Reduction ‘Treaty (sta COM Ye i Uhr SiSferens Pies 8A which reduced long-range nuclear SE reefer tut The break-up of Sarena in ea aie y ne sugoslavia, the collapse of pala ushered in a oe ao on racial grounds. In eee aan authority in 199) ed “ wi minority. " and Croat, Christians ea The collapse of Soviet comm . apps th nocratisation. In unism was 4 National Sed by Hist free multi- De ere ibeayias yesh on Mandela, won an ton egw oe the Aitican g Hinory Conia survived principally only in Asia. ye, Shai Wea ie put uy A ESTONIA 1” p LATWIA G. GEORGIA z c LITHUANIA ‘ Dd. BELARUS . = eueraine J ATARI + [Link] Politics wadsonment Moveme | non Alis ent yoduction snon-alignment’ is used to descr ; m ‘non-alignmen| ‘© describe the fore 7 pe te i Sater aaa he foreign policies Us alien shemselves with ether of the two blocs Communes oe aid ; on the international arenaatter the ond world war. The t ester - whic ferent from neutrality. Neutrality has a relevance only during tine seme di utralism, isolationism for if one wants, one can take. sides Ane f goes a . A non-aligned is ne ean . pot ro can take 2 clear stand on the international issues. tt is positive and 4 y lynamic ot .ept- . aan con awaharlalN ehru had assimilated the liberal democratic values of the West as well the automatic industrialization of the Soviet Union. The policy of non-alignment Ree as adopted by countries like India, Burma, Ceylon, Egypt and Indonesia. Jawaharlal ma convened aconference in Delhi in January 1949 to support the cause of Indonesian wpendence which marked “a turning point in history”. In his own words, “it means deprignments and 2 new balance of power if not now, then in the near future.” He farther said, “We do not want to form a new bloc but inevitably the countries of Asia will come closer together and India will play a leading part in this” (Rao 2009). George Shwarzenberger says Non-alignment! is synonymous with “neutrality”, “neutralization”, ” “ynilateralism’, “non-involvement” and “non-commitment” (Sharma sjgolationis™2’, 7 and Sharma 2000). All these terms have different meanings. i) Neutrality: Ie describes the political and legal status ofa country at war with respect to the belligerents. (i) Neutralization: It means a political status of a particular state which it cannot give up under any circumstances. {ii lsolationism: It stands for policies of aloofness. vNon-involvement: It means keeping from the struggles between different super power ideologies. (i) Non-commitment: It refers to politics of detachment for other power in multi polar relationship. wnqbeconceptofnon-alignmentis Indi er the leadership of Nehru, was the firs ‘ contribution to international relations. India, ountry to have adopted the policy of nondecision making tor developing nauens suuuevelopment, The ogy Meng, Rp found a concrete expression in the five principles, of peacefu) rs Proms nutual respect for teritoral integrity. non-beligerence, geet affairs, equality and mutual advantage and peaceful co-exist History The history of policy of non-alignment may be divided into fgg , The First Phase (1946-54) - In the initial phase, India’s hon-ali hases. towards the West particularly the USA. There were seweott men instance, in defence matters, India was dependent upon theWes, 01 of India was influenced in favour of the Western system, nding etuesy k with the Western nations, India continued to be the memby aN trade. of Nations, India was dependent upon Western aid. India like Western powers declared North Korea as the Aggressor j Soviet leader Stalin expressed his displeasure on India’s approach n the y problems. But when India criticized the US for invading North Kore; 4 towards China, Soviet Union became appreciative of India’s stand. re and m West attitude, India’s policy was non-aligned. India played apprecinne 7 bringing about an end to Korean crisis. lative ro, The Second Phase (1954-1962): The tenure of the President Truman had cot end in 1953. Soviet leader Stalin was succeeded by Khrushchev. In 1954, a r China signed Panchsheel agreement. Pakistan became a member of US-led ni . alliance SEATO. America rejected India’s objection to the supply of US armamen: er Of the Comin, Ir id © internaNon-Alignment Movement + 169 In 1956, on two import; In the Suez, crisis Indi heartedly objected to antiss\ ia’s isi ae ee ‘ decisions reflected pro-Soviet considerations. ed Ango-French-Israeli attack on Egypt but half. the Soviet action in Hu is dis a jected tot ingary. This discriminat i the West unhappy. Indian army had to act to get Goa vacated and ines rene Portuguese, by force. Indian action i il Bas, action in Goa was described as ‘naked aggression by Despite the charge that Indias non-alignment was being compromised with pro- , lia strengthen its non-alignment by securing Afro-Asian nations in 1955 (Bandung Conference). This bi it acre aimee is became a forerunner of the first NAM summit The Third Phase (1962-1971) - The acid test for Indian non-alignment came when the boundary dispute with communist China got tensed. When in 1962, Chinese aggression took place, the demand for scrapping non-alignment became very powerful. The Soviet Union did not lend support to India. Britain and America both came forward to act on Nehru’s appeal for help. They gave valuable military assistance to India. Under these circumstances, the demand for abandoning non- alignment in favour of joining a Western alliance gained momentum. Nehru refused to give up the policy of non-alignment. He argued that India could take economic assistance from both the blocs, not in charity but as loans only if India remained nonaligned. In 1963, Soviet Union came out with a criticism of Chinese rigid attitude and its aggression against India. The development of Sino- Soviet rift made the Soviet Union adopt a pro-Indian stand. The support and help which India started getting both from the Soviet Union and America further brought home the merit of remaining non-aligned. Nehru died in 1964. Pakistan waged a war against India in 1965 in which both USA and China did not give direct support to Pakistan. On the other hand, non-aligned India received support from the various the other hart ‘ching defeat on Pakistan. The death of PM Shastri after a See i eae ve th Pakistan, President Ayub Khan led to another signing the Taejge in india, Mrs. Gandhi also declared her commitment to follow leadership chang I dro recognize the unity of Afro-Asian countries, Han BS non-alignme? ne Arab nations, in theit fight against Israe) i> 1967. This displeased full SUPP te Soviet Union supplied armaments in Paks. when Soviet cae ntion took place in Cechostovakia in 1969 itself, India did not join the Westin in iticizi! ‘jet Union. criticizing the Soviet ; The Fourth Phase (1971-1990) - As the eT goverment bese? etn jon in East, about one crore people entered India as refi . i " SOD bad that Pakistan forced a war on India. But Pakistan Jost eet pevgladesh was born as sovereign state. Before the Em A Tens Sa i a nd China. US President Nixon warned MIS: > a wales okistan in the war. So India signed a ‘Treaty of Friendship ang oof stan set Union in 1971. India came as close to the Soviet UniNon-Alignment Movement 4 100 111956, on two Important issties India’s decisions ref Inthe Suez. crisis India condemned Ango-Fr nrefleced pro-Savet considera heartedly objected to the Soviet action in Hung , pteel attack on Egypt but half the West unhappy. Indian army had to act to at his discriminatory attitude te eso, By force. Indian action in Goa was des vacated! and liberated froma the Sat joa was described as ‘naked Despite the charge that India’s non-alignment was being ce Soviet stance, India strengthen its non-alignment by pa erllovg d with pro in 1955 (Bandung Conference) This became a forerunner of the San nations 1961 held in Belgrade. 1 of the first NAM summit The Third Phase (1962-1971) - The acid test for Indian non-aligi 1 the boundary dispute with communist China got tensed when in 1962, C2 aggression took place, the demand for scrapping, non alignment bec eq powerful, The Soviet Union did not lend support Poe ee atin andl Amerie Both came forward to aet on Nehru appeal for help. They gave valuable malltary assistance to India, Under these circumstances, the demand for abandoning nan- slignment in favour of joining a Wester alliance gained momentary ° Nehru refused to give up the policy of non-alignment. He argued that India could take economic assistance from both the blocs, not in charity but as loans only if India remained nonaligned. In 1963, Soviet Union came out with a criticism of Chinese rigid attitude and its aggression against India, The development of Sino: Soviet rift made the Soviet Union adopt @ pro-Indian stand. The support and help which India started getting both from the Soviet Union and America further brought home the merit of remaining non-aligned. Nehru died in 1964. Pakistan waged a war against India in 1965 in which both USA and China did not give direct upper’ to Pakistan, On the other hand, non-aligned India received support from the various quarters. India inflicted a crushing defeat on Pakistan. The death of PM Shastri after signing the Tashkent agreement ‘Rith Pakistan, President Ayub Khan led to another leadership change in India. Mrs. Gandhi also declared her commitment to follow non-alignment. She tried (0 recognize the unity of Affo-Asian countes India gave full support to the ‘Arab nations, in their fight against Israel in 1967. This displeased the West, In 1968, the Soviet Union supplied armaments in Pakistan But, when Soviet intervention took place in Cechoslovakia in 1968 itself, India did not join the West in criticizing the Soviet Union. The For hen began ruthless The situation skistan government red India as refugees But Pakistan lost miserably. 1990) - As the Ps crore people ente ‘a war on India urth Phase (g97i- suppression in Fast, about one became so bad that Pakistan forced bh Bangladesh was born as sovereign state, Before the wate Pakistan was supported by United States and China. US President Nixon warned Mrs Gandhi that US woule’ pakistan in the wat. ‘o India signed a! Treaty dof Friendship and Cooperation viet Union in 1971. India came as close fo the soviet Union as Pakisaan support with the Se170 + Darspectives oni istory tes. But Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971 showed that no; lignment with the USSR. The Janata government mal ment iter the policy of Non-Alignment. India a the Cen 7 leaders were pro-West. Indira Gandhi casas Rajiv Gandhi (1984-89) government m. intained very cordial relations withthes ang Union. India continued to adopt anti-Israel posture which annoyed America pote refused to sign NPT. India did not criticize the Soviet Union during her interne” in and occupation of Afghanistan (1979-88). India continued to participate aligned movement and hosted the 1983 summit in New Delhi. oo The Fifth Phase (Post-Cold War Period) - The new realities of international relations in 1990s - end of Cold War, Gulf crisis, Gulf War, collapse of Soviet Union emerging uni-polarism and civil war in Yugoslavia and its disintegration affected ihe NAM‘s operationability. While Warsaw Pact and other military alliances have been dissolved, NATO still exists. Non-alignment continues to determine the attitude of 120 members of non-aligned movement. Its summits are periodically held. In an emerging unipolar world, India continues to insist on the policy of non-alignment Collapse of major support left India alone because Soviet Union had continuously supported NAM.