Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change SB. $B.2 SB3 §B4 $B5 SB. $B. $B.8 $B.9 Newton’s law of viscosity Fourier’s law of heat conduction Fick's (first) law of binary diffusion The equation of continuity ‘The equation of motion in terms of + The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and j. The dissipation function ®, for Newtonian fluids ‘The equation of energy in terms of q ‘The equation of energy for pure Newtonian fluids with constant p and k §B.10 The equation of continuity for species a in terms of j, §B.11 The equation of continuity for species A in terms of «, for constant 24g §B.1 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY Ir= (Pv + (Vv)!) + Gu = «V+ vB) Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2): in which @14y B12" (B13¢ B14) B15) B16) B17) * When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V- v) may be omitted. For ‘monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity x is zero. 843,844 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): uf 2% + Gu = wP+W) sy + 2)| + Qu 01V-W) wasy Gu — x -v) (B1-107" ay (B.1-12) (B.1-13) inwhich (y= F 9 (ray 4 Be oat "When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (Vv) may be omitted. For ‘monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity « is zero. Spherical coordinates (r, 8, ) + Gu — Vv) (B.1-15y in — «MV =v) Bas6y T= ull, aie ete ty] PG. oc) ei a fr 2(@ s) + 1% 6118) ~f a 23( zi) raed a CRE) noeepahats ra = in which. ’ @w=4 26%) + in +5 ie 6.121) “When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (Vv) may be omitted. For ‘monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity «is ero.§B2 _Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction §B.2 FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION* 845 Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2): (B24) (822) (82-3) Cylindrical coordinates (r,8, 2): B24) (B25) B26) ‘Spherical coordinates (r, 8, leno ain 648 % (82-7) B28) (B29) * For mixtures, the term 3,(H,/M,)j, must be added to q (see Eq. 193-3),846 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.3 FICK’S (FIRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSION‘ [a= ~PBasVor) Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2) a= Hee oa ag = Ha 632) je= —0D 9 St 633) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): (B34) 635) @36) ‘Spherical coordinates (r, 0, jy = “049 637 ine = 8 pg} 638) To get the molar faxes with respect to the molar average velocity replace j,, p, and oy by J 6, and x §B.4 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY* [ap/at + (V+ pv) = 0) Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2: op a 2 2 St Klee) + Zon) + Z 41) Cylindrical coordinates (7 0, 2): ® 418 tory) 418 Oop + 2 (pn) = : Rt hore) + FS (ovo + F (ov,) =0 642) Spherical coordinates (r, 8, ) 19 mys 18 oy 1a y= Set OPO) + 5 Sag sy te in 8) + yas Oty) = 0 B43) * When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density p, the equation simplifies to (V+ v) = 0.§B.5 The Equation of Motion in Terms ofr 847 §B.5 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN TERMS OF r [pDw/Dt Vp - IV] + pl Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2):* a, Oy a, a) _ a La a @ 5 rea) 2 [Beebe kalo 080 avy My AY, DY Gt ag tay te, fenton 8) : RteHy Gag “These equations have been written without making the assumption that + is symmetric. This means, for ‘example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, ty and fy, may be interchanged. [Zordrardnfeny oon ae ee + pg. (B5-3) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8, 2 a, 5 4 Be at + 5-4) (B55) These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, ry ~ Ty ~ 0. Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 6) ty heady la -[Bde0 tein (B5-7) a _ 04 ay +o, eg ote Pee rte 5.) +146, sta, 5 (Prd) + Fig oe 88 8) + eT (B58) I, By tyI%y Oy Ay _ 040, + t4Ds cot O AS Se PB raga eS Lag ya 1 oe gi 1 _ Mar = 8) + Typ cot O 7 [igen Fa pe SO) + Begg ET + 659) “These equations have been written without making the assumption that + is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made thatthe stress tensor is symmetric, yy ~ Ty = 0.848 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.6 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH CONSTANT p AND y [pDv/Dt = ~¥p + pV°v + pgl Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2) a, , | AZ 0 86-1) ‘a, avy apt ae (B62) a, am a 2 GET Gy te + (B63) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8, 2): 20, #0, _ 2 dey cae 7 eoRale eo a any 1a Poy , my , 290, of ' +», (: wo) + et 2 + gy (065) Wy, Az +0, 66-6) Spherical coordinates (r, 8, ¢ Or 4 Pe Uy dy, at ar + a0 rsin 6a #( Sy x) 1 al "i 0) +1 (sin oe) 4 12) 4 og, B67 r ( 9)” sino aa | * *8 & Us dy VY ~ UH cot) 1 ap Fein 0 3b * a 200) +14 (14 @, gin gy) +—1__ 7 4 2% _ 2eot a Me 13 (aase 9) F sin™6 a6? * 7700 ~ 7? sin 9 38] * °8 Bes) Uy aly Vat, + D405 cot 4). 1” tran ap _* _) "Fain 6 36 aa (aneea 1__ 2eot 9 | 48(y giana) +c 8, 9 ) ( 096 7 sin? 6 ag P sin 606) * 8+ © The quantity in the brackets in Eq. B67 is not what one would expect from Eq, (M) for [V+ Vv] in Table A.7-3, because we have added. to Eq. (M) the expression for 2/r)(V -v), which is zero for fluids with constant p. This gives a much simpler equation§B8 The Equation of Energy in Terms ofq 849 §B.7_ THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION &v FOR NEWTONIAN, FLUIDS (SEE EQ. 3.3-3) Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2): ‘av,\? , (3%\2 . (a0,\*] . [ary ay, , OP [ave , auf _ 2 ar [ey +) +(@)] Spe SPP ale Ge) 2)1¢4 SL -2[2S ap + 1 2 372) 1 aq, ve 1% 0, +0 cot OV] rey. (oe r a(%) ,14,f [sing a (_% 1_ oP +[2@) repo r 3st) aia 1a Fin 6.40 e [aed (o,sin o) + 1 oP 873) sind) + gt 7s) §B.8 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q [pC,DT/Dt = (V+ q) — @ In p/a in T),Dp/Dt ~ (e:¥v)] Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2) a (oy Fy 2, oT) [om , % , %) (ain) Dp, ol veo Len) [21+ gin T), De wey Cylindrical coordinates (r, 6, 2: C(A 4 pe. mar ,, a) _ [1a 1M , A) _ one) Or «(2 +00 ea. 9,2) |} 20a ae | ( or eH) (B8-2y Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 6): @ aT , ee % aT\)_|1¢@ ae 1%) _ (ain Dp_ «fa ar Tab tt) -[Loeo~agasno+ hy %| (324) 2 Con) Bs3y The viscous dissipation term, ~ (r:V¥), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, 2,3. This term may usually be neglected, except for systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (@ In p/@ In T), is zero for fluid with constant p.850 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.9 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN FLUIDS WITH CONSTANT’ p AND k [eC,DT/Dt = kVT + p,] Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2): (a, @,. a, aT\_ ar . (2+ 0,2 +a +0, ) =f 2 oa) Cindi cores 02) 2(o1 ,,,1, ot, T)-[19(,01), 107 = seo 2D) AP a[ a) a = Spherical coordinates (r, 0, 6): (ar ,, 0, maT, % at) _ yl a), 1 et], = “This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions k = constant and (9 In p/@ In T),Dp/Dt = 0. The assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because its the assumption more often made, The function ®, is given in §B7. The term 1, is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients. §B.10 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES a IN TERMS* OF j, [pDw,/Dt = —(9 +4.) + ral Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2) jo, do, don, [aro (eon Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): F———CC [2a Rew 88 9204) = Foy, 4 At A (e102 Spherical coordinates (r, 0, ¢): Bi |, doy, % Bey Gon) [1 a gs eee 14 of See BBs 4 20 «A M) | Ph DES Gy sin Oe he Eee, 103) “To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of Jf make the following replacements: Replace =p Yn by com Tw Ree BR§B.11 The Equation of Continuity for Species A in Terms of o, for Constant pny 851 §B.11_ THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A IN TERMS OF w, FOR CONSTANT® p25, pDeog/Dt = pipe, +1 Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2) dwn Pox, Pog Pang Ghee vad aa op | +n 111) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): doy bing, Ue Btn, of 22 + 9 ts Malta 5 9, SOs ea Spherical coordinates (r, 0, 6): diy, dn eg aae| 7 0 11-3) * To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of x,, make the following replacements: Replace eve by ee