istoria

trapizonis imperiis daarseba

zurab batiaSvili
saqarTvelo arasodes yofila Caketili qveyana – igi yovelTvis aqtiurad iyo CarTuli sa-
erTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rac gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda Cveni qveynis Zlierebis periodSi .

ideis dabadeba
`oqros xana~ saqarTveloSi XI saukunis bolodan daiwyo, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma war-
matebiT moigeria Turq-selCukebis Semosevebi da daasrula saqarTvelos gaerTianebis proce-
si. daviTi aqtiurad iRvwoda saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da saerTaSoriso arenaze
gavlenis gasazrdelad. arsebobs cnobebi, rom man am mizniT trapizonis mxareSic ilaSqra, Tum-
ca, uSedegod. daviT aRmaSeneblis Semdeg mis mier Seqmnilma Zlierma saxelmwifo manqanam mTeli
ZaliT ganagrZo muSaoba.

im periodis saqarTvelos samefo kari mudam yuradRebiT akvirdeboda anatoliaSi, samxreT

SavizRvispireTsa da, gansakuTrebiT, trapizonis mxareSi mimdinare procesebs. miT umetes, rom
iq uxsovari droidan cxovrobdnen monaTesave Wan-lazebi da xaldebi, romlebic ar eguebodnen
bizantiur mmarTvelobas.

XI saukunis II naxevridan mZime droeba daudga manamde Zlevamosil bizantiis imperias, ro-
melsac sul ufro uWirda Turq-selCukebis Semosevebis Sekaveba. situaciis Semobrunebas See-
cada komnenosebis dinastia, romelic bizantias 1081-1185 wlebSi marTavda. komnenosTa warma-

14
 trapizonis imperiis daarseba

yivCaReTi xaldebi – Zveli dasavlur-qarTuli tomi.

`xaldis~ Sesatyvisad berZen avtorebs moxse-
trapizonis
niebuli aqvT `xalibi~. es xalxi cxovrobda
imperia ala
nia Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze.
dur aq mdebareobda provincia `xaldia~.
Zuke kaspiis zRva
Ti
i
Savi zRva eT
nZ
xu arsebul faqtobriv masalaze dayrdno-
le darubandi
tra
ke
Ti biT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa
piz saqarTvelo
oni
s imp
programa maqsimumi iyo bizantiis saimpera-
eri
a karnu-qalaqi toro taxtze mokavSire da monaTesave kom-
nenosTa dinastiis aRdgena da saerTaSori-
erzijani so arenaze saerTo poziciiT wardgena. am
rumis sasulTno
azerbaijani mosazrebas amyarebs rogorc Zmebis mier
somxeTi
`didi komnenosis~ gvaris miReba, ise qarTu-
li samxedro nawilebis gadaadgilebis mi-
teba droebiTi iyo. qveyanaSi dawyebuli ar- marTuleba.
eulobebis fonze am dinastiis bolo impera-
programa minimumi ki, albaT, unda yofi-
tori andronike I da misi vaJi manueli 1185
liyo iseTi buferuli tipis saxelmwifos
wlis Semodgomaze konstantinopolSi wame-
Camoyalibeba, romelic saqarTvelos gavle-
biT daxoces, xolo manuelis mcirewlovani
nis qveS iqneboda da romelsac samxreTidan
Svilebi, aleqsi da daviTi, monaTesave bag-
da dasavleTidan wamosuli safrTxis moge-
rationebTan gaapares da ase gadaarCines
rieba mouwevda. saerTaSoriso arenaze Seqm-
gardauval daRupvas. komnenosebi saqarTve-
nili mZime situaciis fonze ki aseTi safrT-
los samefo karze qarTuli adaT-wesebiTa
xe sakmaod realuri iyo.
da tradiciiT gaizardnen, ganaTlebac qar-
Tulad miiRes.
1204 wlis samxedro operacia
Samqorisa (1195) da basianis (1203) brZo- Tamar mefem sababad gamoiyena bizantiis
lebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg saqarTvelos xel- maSindeli imperatoris – aleqsi III angelo-
fexi gaexsna samezobloSi mimdinare proce- sis mier bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTveli sasu-
sebSi aqtiurad CasarTavad. saqarTvelos liero pirebis gaZarcva da sapasuxod, 1204
gauCnda regionSi pirvelobis safuZvliani wels bizantiisaken laSqroba moawyo. dasav-
ambicia da saqarTvelos samefo karma maleve leT saqarTvelodan daZrulma jarma, ro-
miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom SavizRvispire- melsac Tan axldnen Zmebi komnenosebi, didi
Tis mimarTulebiT samxedro-politikuri teritoriebi daikava. bizantiam qarTvelTa
operacia daewyo. winsvlas xeli ver SeuSala, radgan swored
im dros imperias dasavleTidan laTinebi
didia imis albaToba, rom XIII saukunis
(jvarosnebi) utevdnen da aRmosavleTis
dasawyisSi qarTvelTa mier SavizRvispireT-
saqmeebisTvis mas ar ecala.
Si warmoebul gabedul samxedro-politi-
kur qmedebebs Tavisi `programa minimumi~ da qarTuli jari or nawilad gaiyo – erTi
`programa maqsimumi~ nawili Savi zRvis sanapiros gauyva, meore
hqonda. nawili ki gemebze avida da zRvidan amagreb-
da xmeleTze moZrav laSqars.

andronike komnenosi iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis qaliSvilis, ka-

taჲs, vaJi. igi 1170 wels saqarTvelos samefo karsac estumra, sadac
didi qoneba uboZes da qiziySic daasaxles. andronike iyo trapizon-
Si gamefebuli komnenosebis papa. gadmocemiT, misi STamomavlebi ar-
ian Tavadi andronikaSvilebi, romelTa gvaric misi saxelidan momdi-
nareobs. andronikaSvilebi rom sakuTar Tavs bizantiis imperator-
Ta STamomavlebad miiCnevdnen, maTi sagvareulo gerbidanac kargad
Cans, romelzec bizantiis imperiis simbolo – orTaviani arwivia ga-
mosaxuli.
andronikaSvilebis
sagvareulo gerbi

15
 istoria

saqarTvelos jarma laziis aRebis Sem-

deg, 1204 wlis aprilSi, qalaqi trapizoni
daikava. bizantiidan daniSnulma mmarTvel-
ma, nikiforem, kargad icoda, rom konstan-
tinopolidan daxmarebas ver miiRebda. ami-
tom cixe-simagris gasaRebi gamoitana da qa-
laqi ubrZolvelad Caabara qarTvelebs.

qarTuli jari Zalian swrafad miiwevda

win – laziisa da trapizonis Semdeg daikava
kerasunti (dRevandeli giresuni), kotiora
(dRevandeli ordu), samsuni, sinopi, pafla-
goniis regioni (maT Soris, komnenosebis
sagvareulo cixesimagre kastamonu) da he- imperator andronike I komnenosis
raklea pontika (Savi zRvis heraklea). 1205 mkvleloba konstantinopolSi
wlis Semodgomaze qarTuli razmebi SavizR-
vispireTsac gascdnen da istoriul biTini- komnenosebis dinastia – bizantiis impera-
aSi, marmarilos zRvis sanapiroze mdebare torTa dinastia X-XI saukuneebSi. isini mcireazi-
uli warmoSobisa iyvnen. komnenosebis mmarTvelo-
q. nikomediasTan (dRevandeli q. izmiTi/qo- bisas imperiaSi sabolood Camoyalibda da gafor-
jaeli), gamoCndnen. es qalaqi konstantino- mda feodaluri institutebi, gatarda reformebi
polidan sul raRac 110 km.-iT iyo daSore- administraciul da samxedro sferoebSi, eklesia
buli. axlad dakavebuli teritoriebis aR- imperatoris xelisuflebas daemorCila. aqtiuri
mosavleT nawils aleqsi komnenosi, dasav- sagareo politikis wyalobiT komnenosebma SeaCe-
res selCukTa eqspansia da daibrunes mcire aziis
leT nawils ki misi Zma, daviTi, ganagebda. provinciebis nawili, aseve droebiT daimorCiles
serbeTi da ungreTi. paralelurad, isini laTi-
nikomediasTan misul qarTul jars zur- nebs dauaxlovdnen. Tumca amas bizantiaSi didi
gidan moulodnelad bizantielebi daesx- winaaRmdegoba mohyva, rac, saboloo jamSi, komne-
nen, romlebic nikeaSi iyvnen gamagrebuli nosebis taxtidan CamoSorebiT dasrulda.
mas Semdeg, rac jvarosnebma konstantino-
poli aiRes. Sedegad, daviTma ukan daixia da
gamagrda herakleasa da amastridSi. igi iZulebuli gaxda ukidures dasavleT sazRvrad md. san-
garisi (dRevandeli md. saqaria) daedgina.
komnenosebis xelisuflebas aseve daeqvemdebara yirimSi arsebuli Zveli bi-
zantiuri teritoriebi – xersoni, qerCi da Sida areali, romelic perateias
(zRvisiqiTa miwebi) saxeliT iyo cnobili.
saerTo jamSi, qarTuli jari weliwadze cota met xans mounda
Savi zRvis TiTqmis mTeli samxreT sanapiros dakavebas – 1300 kilo-
metriani sazRvao zolisa da misi mimdebare teritoriebis – isto-
riuli WaneTis, pontos, paflagoniisa da biTiniisa. es ki TiTqmis
srulad emTxveva dRevandeli TurqeTis SavizRvispireTis regionis
sazRvrebs, romlis teritoria moicavs 143,5 aTas kv. kilometrs.
SedarebisTvis, dRevandeli saqarTvelos farTobi 69,7 aTasi kvad-
ratuli km.-ia, anu 1204-1205 ww.-is samxedro operaciis Sedegad, qar-
Tulma jarma daikava dRevandel saqarTveloze orjer ufro didi
teritoria. es iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze kar-
gad dagegmili da Sesrulebuli samxedro operacia.

Samqorisa (1195) da basianis (1203) brZolebi – saqarTvelos samefo karis mier

XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze gadaxdili ori didi brZola mezoblebis (iranis azerba-
ijanis saaTabago da rumis sasulTno) winaaRmdeg, ramac qveyanas amosunTqvisa da
mSvidobiani ganviTarebis saSualeba misca.
Samqorsa da basianSi gamarjvebis Semdeg saqarTvelo mezobel qveynebs Soris uZli-
eres saxelmwifod iqca, saerTaSoriso arenaze mkveTrad gaizarda saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifos prestiJi da igi angariSgasawevi Zala gaxda mTel regionSi.

Tamar mefis freska varZiidan, XII saukune

16
 trapizonis imperiis daarseba

bohemia
poloneTi
samxedro-politikuri Sedegebi
ruseTi
dasavleT romis
imperia nikeaSi gamagrebulma bizantielebma
ungreTi
komnenosebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
selCukebTan Seqmnes koalicia. qarTvelebma
xorvatia ki, maTgan Tavdacvis mizniT, 1206 wlisTvis
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Sekres kons-
tantinopolSi gamagrebul jvarosnebTan.
s sa
sa ici
me l
bulgareTi qa
rT qarTvelebs Cveni istoriis manZilze xSirad
f ii ve
o s
trapizonis imperia
lo gvqonia samokavSireo urTierToba dasav-
bi
ne leTTan 1206 wlamdec (gavixsenoT Tundac
Ti
la ia
nt rumi
`frangebis~ monawileoba didgoris omSi) da
iza
b 1206 wlis Semdegac, magram es pirveli da er-
TaderTi SemTxveva iyo, rodesac fizikura-
dac davumezobldiT dasavlur samyaros.
saqarTvelom, trapizonis imperiis daarse-
berZnebis Zalebi
biT, mniSvnelovani fanjara gaWra evropaSi,
romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmate-
laTinebi
biT asrulebda Tavis funqcias – iyo buneb-
siciliis samefo rivi buferis zona selCukebTan da amasTan –
bulgareTis samefo evropasTan damakavSirebeli xidic.
trapizonis imperia
jvarosnebTan dadebuli xelSekruleba
Turqebi
maleve amoqmedda – qarTvelebi da laTinebi
saqarTvelo erTad SeebrZolnen bizantiur-selCukur
alianss. magram 1212 wlis 13 dekembers mou-
lodnelad gardaicvala axlad dakavebuli
teritoriebis dasavleT nawilis axalgazr-
da mmarTveli daviT komnenosi da nikeaSi ga-
magrebulma bizantielebma, selCukebTan wi-
naswari SeTanxmebiT, axali SemarTebiT Seu-
ties qarTvelTa poziciebs.
aleqsi da daviT komnenosebis beWdebi
miuxedavad aleqsi komnenosis saxelmwi-
foebrivi da samxedro niWisa, erTi adamiani-
saTvis metad Zneli aRmoCnda did terito-
riaze gadaWimuli samflobelos warmate-
biT marTva da dacva.

1214 wlis Semodgomaze selCukebi mou-

lodnelad daesxnen Tavs sinopis siaxloves
sanadirod gasul aleqsis da daatyveves. mi-
si gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod ki, mogviane-
biT, sinopis cixe-simagre miiRes. selCukebi
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gauswordnen
aleqsis mokavSire 30 laTins – isini cocx-
lad gaatyaves. rogorc Cans, maT Zalian aRi-
zianebdaT laTinur-trapizonuli (qarTu-
li) aliansi. selCukebis sinopze Tavdasxmis
paralelurad bizantielebma Seuties da ai-
Res ufro dasavleTiT mdebare heraklea da
amastridi.
amgvarad, selCukebma da nikeelebma gadainawiles trapizonis imperiis dasavleTi nawili,
rac, saerTo jamSi, qveynis teritoriis daaxloebiT naxevari iyo. nikeelebma komnenosebis saxiT
moiSores Zlieri konkurentebi, romlebic paflagoniisa da biTiniis nawilis flobiT, erTi
mxriv, mudmiv SiSSi amyofebdnen nikeas, xolo, meore mxriv, xelsayrel momentSi konstantinopo-
lisken gaWris saSiSroebas qmnidnen.

17
 istoria

saxelmwifos Seneba
warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli samxedro
operaciis Semdeg, pirvel rigSi, saWiro gax-
deboda dakavebuli teritoriebis saxelm-
wifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxis gadawyveta.
am teritoriebis didi nawili arasodes Se-
dioda saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi. Sesabamisad, gaZneldeboda
miwebis pirdapiri mierTebis legitimacia.
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom imdroinde-
li komunikaciebis pirobebSi metad Zneli
iqneboda axlad dakavebuli teritoriebis
dasavleT nawilis Tbilisidan marTva. Ta-
nac, im periodSi, nebismier dros, mosalod-
neli iyo axlo myofi selCukebis Semoseva da
maTTan gasamklaveblad sasicocxlod mniS-
vnelovani iqneboda drouli gadawyvetile-
bebis adgilze miReba. selCukTa mier laTini tyveebis dasja

samxedro operaciis Sedegad dakavebul

teritoriaze Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo. am lo dasavleTiT Tu adre imperiis sazRvari
qmedebaSi erTmaneTs daemTxva saqarTvelo- md. sangarisze gadioda, axla man aRmosavle-
sa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebi, TiT, SedarebiT advilad dasacav md. irissa
romlebic arasodes eguebodnen am regionSi (dRevandeli md. ieSil-irmaqi) da md. Termo-
bizantiur mmarTvelobas da Tan moZliere- donze (dRevandeli md. Terme) gadmoinacv-
buli selCukebisganac surdaT sakuTari Ta- la, rac trapizonidan daaxloebiT 300 km.-
vis dacva. iTaa daSorebuli.
teritoriul danakargebs erTi dadebi- imperiis Seqmnis pirvel wlebSi saWiro
Ti Sedegi hqonda axalgazrda saxelmwifos- iqneboda didi energiis daxarjva saxelmwi-
Tvis – trapizonis imperia uSualod aRar fo teritoriuli mowyobis, samTavrobo
emezobleboda moqiSpe nikeas, Tanac geogra- struqturebis, centraluri administraci-
fiulad SedarebiT izolirebul da, Sesaba- is, savaWro, sabaJo da sagadasaxado sisteme-
misad, ufro usafrTxo sivrceSi moeqca. bis, aseve eklesiis mosawyobad. amave dros,
samxreTiT mas bunebrivad icavda maRali komnenosebsa da qarTvelebs dasWirdebo-
mTebis sistemebi, CrdiloeTiT – Savi zRva, daT rogorc adgilobrivi jaris, ise flo-
aRmosavleTiT – mokavSire saqarTvelo, xo- tis Camoyalibebac.

sinopis cixe

18
 trapizonis imperiis daarseba

azovis
ungreTis samefo zRva
bizantiis imperia
bosnia
didi vlaxeTi trapizonis imperia
serbeTis
samefo saberZneTis epiris
bulgareTi Savi zRva despotati
trapizonis
biza imperia bulgareTis samefo
nt
ii
s
al

vlaxeTi
ba
ne

im

Tesalia
Ti

monRolTa da Turq- serbeTis samefo

pe

naqsosis
aT samTavro selCukTa teritoriebi
ri

en
i
veneciis sakuTreba
a

aqaia
fo
me
sa
uri
x
om
ii
s s monRolTa da Turq-
ik
ki
l selCukTa teritoriebi
kreta mamluqTa
azovis kviprosis
samefo teritoriebi mamluqTa teritoriebi
zRva

is, rom axali saxelmwifos dedaqalaqad lebma SemdgomSi mravaljer gadaarCina kom-
trapizoni gamocxadda, sulac ar iyo SemTx- nenosebi da imperia ganadgurebas. albaT,
veviTi: es qalaqi mTavar mokavSiresa da arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom imperiis arsebo-
mfarvelTan, saqarTvelosTan, teritoriu- bis manZilze mowinaaRmdegem verasodes moa-
lad axlos mdebareobda, saidanac nebismier xerxa cixe-simagris brZoliT aReba.
dros iyo SesaZlebeli samxedro da sxva sa-
xis daxmarebis miReba. amasTan, trapizoni axal saxelmwifoSi erT-erTi upirvele-
sakmaod moSorebuli iyo dasavleT anato- si RonisZieba iqneboda aleqsis imperato-
lias, sadac im droisTvis yvelaze arastabi- rad kurTxeva, romelic istoriaSi Sevida
luri da arsebobisaTvis metad saxifaTo ga- aleqsi I didi komnenosis saxeliT. es cere-
remo Seiqmna. monia trapizonSi unda Catarebuliyo. am ri-
tualisTvis ki yvelaze mosaxerxebeli qa-
amave dros, trapizoni Zalian Zveli qa- laqis centrSi mdebare RvTismSoblis (`pa-
laqi iyo (daarsda Zv.w. 756 w., SedarebisTvis, nagia xrisokefalosis~) taZari unda yofi-
romi daarsda Zv.w. 753 w.) da igi SavizRvispi- liyo, sadac, tradiciulad, momdevno sa-
reTis yvelaze ukeT gamagrebul cixe-simag- ukuneebSic akurTxebdnen imperatorebad
res warmoadgenda, romlis aRebac Zalze ga- trapizonel komnenosebs.
uWirdeboda nebismier mters. komnenosebma
gaamagres qalaqis kedlebi da aages ulama-
zesi sasaxle, eklesiebi da Senoba-nagebobe-
bi axladCamoyalibebuli sxvadasxva insti-
tutisaTvis. qalaqis kedlebis sidiade dRe-
sac STambeWdavia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ked-

trapizonis siaxloves mdebare lazia ki qarTul- III-IV saukuneebSi Zv. romaul samlocveloze age-
trapizonuli kondominumi (saerTo daqvemdeba- buli am taZris gumbaTi, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
reba) iyo. amis gamo lazebi ibrZodnen rogorc sa- mTlianad oqrosi iyo da aqedan momdinareobs sa-
qarTvelos, ise trapizonis imperiis jarSi, rac xeli `xrisokefalos~, rac `oqrosTavas~ niSnavs.
am ori qveynis axlo mokavSireobis kidev erTi ma- aqve iyo komnenosTa istoriuli saZvale.
galiTia.

19
 istoria

did komnenosTa tituli da simbo- Tqves uari konstantinopolSi Zalaufle-

lika bis aRebaze. es moxda XIII-XIV saukuneebis
mijnaze, rodesac trapizonis imperiam uf-
maSindel postbizantiur sivrceSi, rea- ro lokaluri saxe miiRo. am periodidan maT
luri ZalauflebisTvis brZolis parale- ewodebodaT `imperatori da TviTmpyrobe-
lurad, aranaklebi daZabulobiT mimdina- li sruliad aRmosavleTisa, iberielTa da
reobda qiSpoba saimperatoro simboloebi- zRvisiqiTa miwebisa~. Tumca, bizantielebi
sa da avtoritetisTvis, radgan bizantia Ta- am titulsac ar aRiarebdnen. tituls rom
visi arsebobis manZilze xSir SemTxvevaSi Za- Tavi davaneboT, Sesabamisi tanisamosis ta-
lian warmatebulad iyenebda xolme e.w. rebazec ki Riziandebodnen. magaliTad,
`rbil Zalas~. cnobilia, rom rodesac trapizonis impera-
cnobilia, rom komnenosebma 1212 wlamde tori ioane II 1282 wels konstantinopols
sakuTar gvars win daumates epiTeti `megas~ ewvia, mas, faqtobrivad, ZaliT gaxades wiTe-
(`didi~), riTac kidev erTxel gausves xazi li waRebi da Savebi Caacves, radgan, tradi-
TavianT imperatorul warmomavlobas. ciulad, wiTeli waRebis tareba mxolod im-
peratoris prerogativa iyo da bizantiele-
Seicvala komnenosTa titulic. trapi- bis azriT, dedamiwaze ar SeiZleba erTze me-
zonis imperiis daarsebisas maTi tituli ti imperatori yofiliyo.
iyo `romaelTa imperatori da TviTmpyrobe-
li~, riTac gacxadebuli iyo maTi bizantiu- komnenosTa titulSi `aRmosavleTi~ mo-
ri saimperatoro pretenziebi. icavda yvela im teritorias, romelsac isi-
ni flobdnen an romelzec SeiZleba hqono-
komnenosebi am wodebas aTwleulebis daT pretenzia aRmosavleTSi, xolo `zRvis-
manZilze atarebdnen da mxolod mas Semdeg iqiTa miwebSi~ igulisxmeboda yirimSi mdeba-
amoiRes titulaturidan, rac sabolood re trapizonuli samflobeloebi.

sumelas monasteri

bizantielebi sakuTar Tavs `romaelebs~ uwodebdnen. termini `bizantia~ mogvianebiT gaCnda da damkvidr-
da evropul samecniero literaturaSi im mizniT, rom erTmaneTisgan ganesxvavebinaT dasavleT da aRmo-
savleT romis imperiebi. Zvel qarTul teqstebSic `bizantia~ moxseniebulia rogorc `hromi~, xolo `bi-
zantielebi~ – `hromaelni~.

20
 trapizonis imperiis daarseba

axal titulSi yvelaze saintereso ki los proteqtorati iyo. mxolod konstan-

isaa, rom komnenosebi `iberielTa (anu qarT- tinopolidan jvarosnebis gaZevebis, bizan-
velTa) imperatorebad~ moixseniebian, rac tiis SedarebiTi moZlierebisa da, amis para-
iq mravalricxovani qarTveluri (Wan-laze- lelurad, saqarTvelos daSla-dasustebis
bi da xalibebi) mosaxleobis arsebobam gana- Semdeg, XIV saukuneSi, daiwyo brZola pro-
piroba. qarTul da probizantiur dasebs Soris.
qarTuli samTavroebi (dasavleTi saqarTve-
komnenosebi simboloebisTvisac ibr- lo, samcxe-saaTabago) damoukidebladac ki
Zodnen da am brZolis Sedegia, rom XIII sauku- SebrZolebian trapizonSi bizantiur gavle-
neSi maT konstantinopolis aia-sofiis sa- nas.
pirwoned aages trapizonis ulamazesi aia-
sofia, XIV saukuneSi ki ganaaxles mTebSi nak- saqarTvelos iniciativiT Camoyalibe-
veTi sumelas monasteri. am da komnenosebis buli imperiis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia
mier agebul sxva taZrebze cxadad igrZnoba iyo bunebrivi xidis rolis Sesruleba sa-
qarTuli arqiteqturis gavlena. maT dRe- qarTvelosa da dasavleTs Soris, aseve, bu-
sac gancvifrebaSi mohyavT mnaxvelebi. ferisa – kavkasiasa da anatolias Soris. igi
xSirad iyo erTaderTi realuri damakavSi-
dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom 1204 wlis rebeli gza saqarTvelosa da evropas Soris.
laSqroba da axali saxelmwifos daarseba amasTan, faqtobrivad, misma arsebobam sru-
`oqros xanis~ saqarTvelos Zlierebaze met- lad gaauvnebelyo bizantiisa da selCuke-
yvelebs – im dros qarTvelebs, samxedro Za- bisgan saqarTvelosken momdinare safrTxe.
lasTan erTad, Zlieri politikuri nebac
hqondaT. trapizonis imperiam, bizantiasTan Seda-
rebiT, ufro didxans gauwia winaaRmdegoba
mTeli XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi araso- osmaleTis imperiasac. bizantiam 1453 wels
des damdgara trapizonis imperiis orienta- Sewyvita arseboba, trapizonis imperiam ki
ciis sakiTxi – igi, faqtobrivad, saqarTve- 1461 wlamde (sul 257 weli) iarseba.

trapizonis aia-sofia

trapizonis imperiaSi Semavalma, miuval mTebSi mdebare qaldeis Temma trapizonis aRebis Semdeg kidev 18
weli SeZlo gaewia winaaRmdegoba. misi aReba osmalebma didi ZalisxmeviT SeZles 1479 wels. qaldea im peri-
odis osmalur wyaroebSi `gurjistanad~ (`saqarTvelo”), xolo misi mosaxleoba `gurjebad~ (`qarTvele-
bad~) moixsenieboda.

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