CuapteR Prestressed Concrete ‘+ Prestressed concrete is basically a concrete in which internal strese’of suitable inagnitude and distribution are intioduced so that the stresses resulting from external load are counteracted to a desired degree + A prestressed concrete is different from a conventional RCC structure due to the application of an initial load on the structure prior to its use. ‘+ For Concrete internal stress are induced (usually by mean of tensioned steel) due to the following 1. Tensile strength of concrete is less and hence cracks may develop at early stages of loading in flexural members such as beams and slabs. Hence if the members are compressed prior to application of flexural load, the cracking will not oceur 2. Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and torsional eapabilities of the flexural members. 3. In pipes and liquid storage tanks the hoop tensile stresses can be effectively counteracted by circular prestressing. How do we apply prestress by means of tensioned wire? ‘There are two ways (1) Pretensioning (2) Post tensioning Pre-tensioning + Inpre-tensioning system, the high-strength steel tendons are pulled between two end abutments (also called bulkheads) prior to the casting of concrete, Praecing ed + The abutments are fixed at the ends of a prestressing bed. + Once the concrete attains the desired strength for prestressing, the tendons are cut loose from the abutments. 0) Casting of cneeie ating of enon + The prestress is transferred to the concrete from the tendons, due to the bond between them. + The stages of prestensioning are shown schematically in the following figures. TES MASTER esemrenaus Phone: 01141013406, 638813406 Website: wwe iesmaster ory, Esai: tex [Link] 1555908 326 Po: Nelo ition sree. sitial wing ag in ation cular 326 Post tensioning + In post-tensioning systems, the duets for the tendons (or strands) are placed along with the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. «The tendons are placed in the ducts after the casting of concrete, + The duct prevents contact between conerete and, the tendons during the tensioning operation. «+ After anchoring a tendon at one end, the tension is applied at the other end by a jack. The tensioning of tendons and pre-cdmpression of, concrete occur simultaneously. Finally the jacking end is anchored. EQUIREMENT OF HIGH ST! Lessee ee Need for high strength steel RCC ‘casting bed Side view (a) Casting of concrete (c) Anchoring the enon atthe stething ena * Fig. 9.2: Stages of posttensioning ENGTH STEEL & CONCRETE 1 Prestressed concrete requires high strength steel and high strength concrete. This can be explained as follows: Strain in cable initially = 7 7 A inital length of Stress in cable initially = #.-y rumen t eee nan concrete . 4 ‘Duet (Poree in cable initially ' + = prestressing force) i c 4 (Loss of strain in cable due = a i {initial length of concrete to shortening of concrete over a period of time) By Loss of stresi in cable 1+ — cable pulled by t +) amount A and fixed ‘ la 8 = shortening of concrete: Fig. 9.3 over a period of time _6 Loss of prestressingforee = F,7-A, which the loss would be around 200 Nimm* ‘Normally dye te creep and shrinkage in long term the strain lost is approximately 0.0008 = ‘Stress lost = 0.0008 x 2x 10= 160 Nimm® If we use Fe250 or F415, all of the initial stress in it will be lost in due course. Hence there would not be any pressuressing force remaining in concrete, thus the beam will fail Hence we use high strength steel such that the initial préstress in it would be 1200 ~ 2000 N/mm? in pi TES MASTER iin oman ‘Site FR, Katara Sarai New Delhi 110076 Website: wr iemasterorg E-mail ex [Link] Phones 011-41018406, 718615406, 711852008CIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 327 Need for High Strength Concrete in Pre-stress Concrete + High strength concrete offers high resistance to tension, shear, bond and bearing. + Incase of pre-tensioned members, tensile stress in steel of very high magnitude should be transferred to concrete as prestress through bonding between steel and surrounding concrete. + In post-tensioned members transfer of stress is through bearing at end sector. Hence concrete of appreciable bond and bearing strength is quite escential for pre-stressed concrete + In addition to above, use of high strength concrete has following advantages! (2) High strength concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks and has higher modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep strain. As a result loss of prestress in steel is reduced. @) Use of high strength concrete resultg in reduction of cross sectional dimensions of prestressed concrete structural elements, with reduced dead weight longer spans becomes economically and practically viable. VE EV GIS easy econ 7 ‘The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC) without prestressing, A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to!compression during service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of eonerete. The advantages of presetressed concrete over an equivalent RCC member are as under ‘+ Scetion remains uncracked at service load hence durability of steel increases, ‘+ Pull section of conerete is utilised ‘+ Shear resistance capacity increases (due to confinement) + Useful for liquid retaining structure, Improved performance under dynamic and fatigue loading. High spanidepth (L/D) ratio possible. Approximately L/D. ratio of (40-45) can be adopted. ‘Thus, for the same span, depth reduces leading to reduction in dead weight and hence larger over head clearance available Prestressing is also suitable for precast construction, thereby rapid construction, better quality, multiple use of form work, reduced maintananee ete ean be ensured. {LIMITATIONS OF PRESTRESSING Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects can be considered as limitations, like + Prestressing needs skilled technology. Hence, it is not as common as reinforced concrete. + The use of high strength materials is costly ‘+ There is additional cost in auxiliary equipments. ‘+ There is need for quality control and inspection. SM ese y ost Prestressing of concrete can be classified in several ways. The following are the various classifications. Source of Prestressing Force ‘This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is generated. There are four 328 Hyd This thet of fo: Mee Intl tran macl Elec Inth the 1 Che: I € 1 sources of prestressing force: Mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and chemical ‘Oe TRE, Kwai Sra, New BAnT- TWO ry LES MASTER Webi: wwriennasterarg, Baal ey antersyahopoia note Phones orT 0138 Tse bee STIISS08and seed and Ro) ring ran same lable tiple ve four 328 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Hydraulic prestressing ‘This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force developed during the tensioning Mechanical Prestressing: In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever transmission, geared transmission in conjunetion with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear drives and wire-winding machines. This type of prestressing is adopted for mass scale production. Electrical Prestressing uv In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are electrically heated and anchored before placing conevete in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as thersfoclectric prestressing, Chemical Prestressing «In this case expanding cement is used which is composed of 75% portland cement, 15% high alumina ‘cement and 10% gypaum. In this case since expansion of concrete is restrained by high tension wire compressive stress is introduced. + This system is also known as self prestre: Jing system External or Internal Prestressing External Prestressing + When the prestressing is achieved by elements located. outside the concrete, it is called external prestressing: | Gap lying outside the + The tondons can lie outside the member (for example in | shaded area of concrete L-girders or walls) or inside the hollow space of a box girder, Fig. 9.4 «This technique is adopted in bridges and strengthening of buildings. In the following figure, the box girder of bridge is prestressed with tendons that lie outside the concrete. Internal Prestressing «When the prestressing is achieved by elements located inside the concrete member (commonly, by ‘embedded tendons), it is called internal prestressing, «Most of the applications of prestressing are internal prestressing. concrete is east around the ducts for placing the tendons. Pretensioning or post tensioning Pretensioning «The tension is applied to the tendons before casting of the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to conerete through bond over the transmission length near the ends. PM TES MASTER Sa a er cr artaioeetCIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 329 330 Post-tensioning ‘The tension is applied to the tendons (located in a duct) after hardening of the conerete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage device (At the ends blocks). Linear and Circular Prestressing Linear prestressing When the prestressed members are straight of flat, in the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called linear prestressing, For example, prestressing of beams, piles, poles and slabs. The profile of the prestressing tendon may be curved, ‘ Circular Prestressing ‘When the prestressed members are curved in the direction of prestressjng, the prestressing is called circular prestressing. For example, circumferential prestressing of tanks, silos, pipes and similar structures. Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing Full Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile stress is allowed in eonérete under service loads, it is called Full Prestressing (Type 1, as per IS: 1843 -1980). Limited Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile stress under service loads is within the cracking stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing (Type-2) Partial Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile stresses due to services loads, the eracks width is within the allowable limit, itis called partial prestressing (Type 3). Uniaxial Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing Uniaxial Prestressing When the prestressing tendons are parallel to one axis, it is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example. longitudinal prestressing of beams. Biaxial Prestressing When there are prestressing tendons parallel to two axes, it is called Biaxial Prestressing. Multiaxial Prestressing When the prestressing tendons are parallel to more than two axes, it is called Multiaxial Prestressing. For example, prestressing of domes. pe ae Lal niece al atages of Pre-tensioning he various stages of the pre-tensioning operation are summarised as follows. Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments Placing of jacks alle aa 4 |. Applying tension to the tendons Casting of concrete “5. Cutting of the tendons, ‘ ™ During the cutting of the tendons, the prestress is transferred to the concrete with elastic shortening and vular camber of the member. e Advantages of Pre-Tensioning v 5 | The relative advantages of pre-tensioning as compared to post-tensioning are as follows |». Pre-tensioning is suitable for precast members produced in bulk. j ‘+ Inpre-tensioning large anchorage device is not present. sit Disadvantages of Pre-Tensioning ‘The relative disadvantages are as follows. + Aprestressing bed is required for the pre-tensioning operation, king «There is a waiting period in the prestressing bed, before the concrete attains sufficient strength. ‘+ There chould be good bond between concrete and steel over the transmission length. Devices idth ‘The essential devices for pre-tensioning are as follows. Ea Prestressing bed : abutret Mould Jack End abutments , Shuttering/mould ei Trearenrg oso Jack ‘eve aple. Anchoring device Fig. 9.5-Prestesing bod, end abutment and mould Harping device (optional) ‘The jacks are used to apply tension to the tendons. Hydraulic jacks are commonly used. These jacks work on oil pressure generated by a pump. ‘The tendons are frequently bent, except in cases of For labs-on-grade, poles, piles ete. The tendons are bent (harped) in between the supports with a shallow ig aa shadens Fig. 9.6: Harping of tendons. Use eee Oc FG twas Sava New Dan-O =a TESMASTER EE amc Phone 01111019406, 788615406, 711853008CIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 331 Hoyer system of pretensioning Hoyer system is generally used for mass oe oe production. (like Railway sleepers, poles etc) ‘The end abutments are kept sufficient distance apart, and several members are cast ina single line. The shuttering is provided Fig. 9.7: Schematic representation of Hoyer system at the sides and between the members. This system is also called the Long Line Method. The following figure is a schematic representation of the Hoyer system Stages of Post tensioning ‘ + Unlike pre-tensioning, the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the hardened concrete. If the ducts are filled with grout, then it is known as bonded past-tensioning. he grout is a neat cement paste or a sand-cement mortar containing suitable admixture, * In unbounded post-tensioning, as the name suggests, the ducts are never grouted and the tendon is held in tension solely hy the end anchorages. + The following sketch shows a schematic representation of a grouted post-tensioned member. ‘The profile of the duct depends on the support conditions, + Fora simply supported member, Posttensioning the duct has a sagging profile between the ends, Por A continuous member, the duct sags in the span and hogs over the support. ‘The various stages of the post-tensioning operation are stimmarised as follows. 1. Casting of concrete. 2. Placement of the tendons. 3. Placement of the anchorage block and jack. 4. Applying tension to the tendons, 5. Seating of the wedges. 6. Cutting of the tendons. Advantages of Post-Tensioning ‘The relative advantages of post-tensioning as compared to pre-tensioning are as follows, + Post-tensioning is suitable for heavy cast-in-place members. + The waiting period in the easting bed is less. ‘+ The transfer of prestress is independent of transmission length. Disadvantage of Post-Tensioning ‘The relative disadvantage of post-tensioning as compared to pre-tensioning is the requirement of anchorage device and grouting equipment. Follo Tae (Gn May Be Api Devices The essential devices for post-tensioning are as follows. 1, Casting bed 2. Mould/Shuttering 3. Ducts 4. Anchoring devices 5. Jacks pe ESMASTER Cee ete an nw331. 332 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Various Post-tensioning System Following are the various post tensioning system and their details, = Table 9.1: Postiensioning system. Post tensioning [Tope of tendon| Range of [Cable duct | Arrangement of| Method of | Type of ‘pate (country force tendons in duct|tensioning | anchorage _ of origin) ce @ @ @ a @ @ @ Breyaniet, Wars and | Medium [Curcolar, rmed | Annular. paced [Hodraube | Conical serrated Grance) strands and largo [by pneumatic | by helial wire jack canerete wedge to [tue or metal or | core fensioning | driven by yack plastic sheath at wares | iney female cone vete, round able fembedided. at the end of the Beat Giftord-baai-CCL | Wires Taal ond] veer, wormed | Brenly apneed [itvdraulie | Spit comeal {Groat Brian) rnegium {by pneumatic | By pertrated tensioning | wedge and bush held tue oF stot rod | spacers vies singl | to wach wire, bearing on anchor thrust plate and ing ant no end of beam TaoNca Bare threaded [Small, —[Circulor, formed | Single bare [ydrawhe [High stronath (Great Briton) [at ends medium [by pneumatic tube Jack screwed! nut-and spacing and large [or fesible to threaded | washers bearing eorrugated fend of bar | on sel plate a fn end of beam Miagnel-Biaton | Wires Gaull [Recwnguar, | Horizontal rows [Fisdrautic | Pairs of wires Belgium medium [formed by sold | of our wires finck Dold by Ma ste] find large [rubber core or by | spaced by metal tensioning | wedges in sand Inetal sheath | gelles at io wires. | which plates round cable | Intervals fsa time | bearing on ditsibution plates ‘A prestressed concrete beam of span 6 sh has a width of 150 mm and a depth of $00 m. the initial stress orage = ee, aaa Sarat New DATO OT seat LES MASTER ‘Website wv isinsterarg, Eul-ies master'[Link] coer Powe O17 101408, noes, 971858908CuapTerR 9 | _Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses n ‘The analysis of stresses developed in a prestressed concrete structural element is based on the following assumption: . : 1. Concrete is a homogeneous elastic material. 2. Within the range of working stresses, both concrete and steel behave elastically. 3. Plane Section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending (which implies a linear Strain distribution across the depth of the number. 4, Stress in reinforcement does not charge along the length of member, 5, Variation of stress in steel due to external load is negligible Analysis of Member under flexure Analysis of stress means calculation of stress in the member due to combined effect of pre stressing and external loads and checking that stresses are within permissible limits, There are three approaches used for analysis, () stress concept @) load balancing concept (3) Cline, P-line concept [i-e., Thrust line or pressure line concept] 1. Stress Concept + _ In the approach based on stress concept, the stresses at the edges of the section under the internal forces in concrete are calculated. + The stress concept is used to compare the calculated stresses with the allowable stresses. (a) Concentric Tendon Figure below shows a simply supported prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section prestressed by a tendon provided through its centroidal longitudinal axis. Let the beam be subjected to an external load system of uniformly distributed loads, 334 Let} tres I du atres wher Hene and The s 7398815406, 711853908 mw TES MASTER—_—————— lo ving and used ‘ores 334 RCC CIVIL_ENGINEERING Let P be the prestressing forces supplied by the tendon. Due to this prestressing force, the compressive : z where A is the sectional area of the member stressed induced in concrete If due to the dead load and external loads, the bending moment at the section is M, then the extreme stresses at the section due to bending moment alone M a=tz & where, Z is the section modulus of the beam section 1 ae Y Hence, the final extreme stresses on the beam section are given by tress due to bending) PM . Strese at the extreme top edge = 4+ PM and stress at the extreme bottom edge = 4-7 ‘The stresses due to direct load, bending and the final stresses are shown in Fig. below M Zz 4 + ‘CROSS SECTION Ee w M OF BEAM A z 5-4 STRESS DUE STRESS DUE FINAL TO PRESTRESSING TO BENDING STRESSES FORCE MOMENT © Following sign convention should be used Comp. Tension (b) Analysis of Stress using Eccentric Tendon 1. It will be advantageous to place the tendon at an eccentricity. The following figure shows a beam of rectangular section prestressed by a tendon placed longitudinally, at an eccentricity ¢ from the eentroidal ongitudinal axis. Let the beam be subjected to an external load system. Let P be the prestressing force supplied by the tendon, Lot due to the dead load and external loads the bending moment at a section be M. A TR FT Eat aT Now DART TOHTE LES MASTER Nebite ywriesmstrorg bai masertyabeoenia ee Phono sista, 91608__ CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 335 33¢ equivalent loading P equivalent loading atend Pe atend —P Pe tz 5 Gi) Extreme stresses due to eccentricity of the prestressing force = (iii) Extreme stresses due to bending moment Stress at the extreme top edge = Stress at the extreme bottom edge 2 e Pasé x g Ze cmosssecrion =F Be ¥ om 2 are OFSEAM ogtcy sTHEssDUETO sriéssourro” Aut SIRES ECCENTRICITY OF EXTERNAL BENOING STRESS DUET THEPRESTRESS —" MOWENT PRESTRESS ‘+ Note that the stresses caused by external bending moment is counteract by Hogging moment developed due to eccentricity of the tendon. ‘+ Thus by providing tendon at an eccentricity, requirement of prestressing force (P) to counteract. the applied moment (ic., to ensure zero tension or less than acceptable tension) will be reduced significantly + In the case of prestressed inembers, the cross-sectional area of high tensile steel being a very small percentage ‘of the total concrete area, the stress computations are generally based on the nominal conerete cross-sectional properties, ‘+ The use of equivalent concrete section, although important in interpreting test results of experimental nvestigations, generally does not significantly influence the stresses resulting from the use of nominal conerete section, eductions for prestressing Tendons. In calculating area, centroid and moment of inertia of a cross-— section, deduction for prestressing tendons shall be made as follows: (@) In the case of pre-tensioned members, where the prestressing tendons are single wires distributed (@) By) ab Weahe ae ea ae aen =|135, 336 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘on the cross-section or strands of wines of relatively small cross-sectional area, allowance for the prestressing tendons need not be made. Where allowance is made, it shall be on the basis of (m-1) times the area of the prestressing tendons, m being the moduler ratio. (b) In the case of post-tensioned members, deductions shall invariably be made for prestressing tendons, cable ducts or sheaths and such other openings whether they are formed longitudinally or transversely. ‘These deductions need not, however, be made for determining the effect of loads applied after the ducts, sheaths or openings have been grouted or filled with concrete. Where such deductions are not made, o transformed orea equivalent to (m-1) times the area of the prestressing tendon shall be taken in calculation, m being the modular ratio ce! : A pretensionedl concrete of beam of rectangular section 150 inm wide by 300 mm deep is prestressed by 4 wires of mm dia is stressed to 1200 Nimm®. The wires are located at of Sade 50 mm from soffit. Find the stress developed at soffit of the : beam. (6) By considering norinalconerfe sation NP OP LL faome 150 mm (b) By considering equivalent concrete section (neglect the dead load and live load effects.) Take m = 6 4 now 5 mm 6 stress = 1200 Nim’ Sol. (a) Nominal section 150mm 150 mm Pe : vl Ea eee oped By neglecting steel area. P = 4x=(6)'x 1200 ~ 94.25kN the 4 antly © = 100mm small 2.094 4.189 Nim 2.095 Nim ainal a ental : * > ninall + PIA 6.283 Nim “oss- eon 2094 Simm uted ‘Stress developed at the soffitof beam = 6.28 Nimm? ‘Offen FAD, Katara Sorat New DeTi- T8016 ‘tacos Phones 011012 88 30, 185908CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 337 338 (©) Equivalent ora, depth of N.A, that 150 x 300 x 150 + 392.699 x 250 eee Se 208 = 150.865 mm 150% 300 +392.699 _ i 1) 6) <4 992.690 mm ig “As the shift and N.A from 150 mm is only by 0.87 mm (where steel area is neglected) Hence the effect of this will almost be neligible : fe (neglecting dead load and live load effect) 250-¥ = 250 ~ 150.865 = 99.135 mm Stress at the soffit’ 0 y = 800-%~149.135 mm er bea. ar + 892,699 (99,135)* = 811.393%10" mm! 942510" _, 94.25 x10! x99.185 «149.195, 150 x 300+ 392.699 341.393 <10° j* Thus when the equivalent section is considered, the maximum variation is around 1 to 2% in stress. Hence we generally neglect the concept of equivalent section and calculate the stresses from the nominal section. ‘An unsymmetrical Isection beam is used to support an imposed load of 2 kN/m over a span of 8 m. ‘The sectional details are top flange, 300 mm wide and 60 mm thick, bottom flange 100 mm wide and 60 mm thick, thickness of the web 80 mm, overall depth of beam 400 mii, At the centre of the span the effective prestressing force of 100 kN is located at 50 mm from the soffit of the beam. Estimate the stresses at the centre of span. section of the beam for the following load conditions: (@) Prestress + Self weight () Prestress + Self wt + live load = Stress at soffit 6.198 Nim’ Sol. J, = Distance of controid of the prestressing force from top 00 an, 800 60 x30-+280 80x (60 +140) . ¥60% 100 (400-30) 3. = 300% 60+280%80 + 100% 60 fice FT wars Sa Now Dan Pe ‘ebsites renner re males mater cota ee hone onan seve 9Tea08 a Stre37 338 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING act the im. and pan the 5608 mm ; (400 — 156.03) = 243.97 mm e = 243.97 — 50 = 193.97 mm A = 0.3 x 0.60 + 0.280 x 0.80 + 0.10 x 0.60 = 0.0461 m# ie 300% 0.60 0.280] Dead wt = | ,9.590.100«0.60/° 78 = S114 NIM OM), = 22E 16 aN 4x : @M),, = LHA*® £5919 km I § 1 60" > BOX: 2 1 es +300%60(15603-307 +82 <280 «33.80% (28397-14060) HOOKS. 100;60%(243.07 30) 757.45 * 10° mm* 1157454108 _ pe Boao ths, Moor «10° +, AE LISTAS AOE 4 105%10° mm? % M387 a yy Stress, 100 x10" 100510" = 945 Nymm? PA % 7 46400 ae Moye Mba Pe. 100«10" «193.97 |, 8 go 4156.03 = 4.00 Nimm? L s 757.45x10° 4 ae Pe. 10010" «193.97 x 243.97 Fa, — W00p10" xB TARAS ST 6 95 Naim? 5 te 757.45 *10° he Nee M 16% 10° «156.03, My, = Oa 329 Nim t 757.45 x108 eam Tay tas Newt 757.45 x10 10° oe alae 757.45 «10 M, 8.912 x10" Moy, . 52" «243.97 = 2.87 Ninm? rT 757.45 «10° - is Stress due to Prestress & Self weight Pe Mp: attop = G~ pte P= 2B ~ 4 4 1.895 = — 0.019 Ninn? ES MASTER Disc Fine avast owCIVIL ENGINEERING _Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 339 2.15 + 6.25 - 2.87 = 5.53 Nimm? Stress due to Prestress + Self wt + Live load Bs Mp.» F-Pt yy 4 Made, Madr 9154+ 5.29 + 1.005 u ‘at top at bottom: ‘prestressed concrete beam 400 mm. * 600 mm in section has a span of 6 m and is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/metre including the self weight of the beam. The prestressing tendons are located at the lower third point and provide an effective prestressing force of 960 kN. Determine the extreme fibre stresses in concrete at the mid span section. 2.15 + 6.25 — 5.15 — 2.87 Sol. Area of the beam seetio A= 400 x 600 = 2.4 x 10? mm? 960 kN Section modulus 2.4 * 107 mm* ‘Maximum bending moment due to external loading = = 72 kNm Direct stress due to prestressing force = +4 Nimm? 960108 100 24x10" M_, Bnd 2° 24x10" Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force 3 4Nim extreme stress due to external bending moment =43 Nimm? Final stresses for the extreme fibres will be as follows: Final stress in the top extreme fibres Final stress in the bottom extreme fibres +4-4+3=+3 Nim? 4444-355 Ninm? 000m Want eN/nn? 2h? aN? ll f N/mm N/mm? 3N/mme N/mm? TES MASTER ‘Ofiees F126 Katwaria Sarai New Delhi 110018 Webnit: wor esmasterorg, Email: ies mastersyahoo os ieceatene Phone: O1-11015406, 7658615106, 711853008, EI340 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ee sO! ‘A prestressee eoncrete beam 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep is prestressed using 5 high tension bars of 12 mm provide at 220 mm from the soffit of the beam. The effective stress in the steel is 800 N/ mim’, Find the bending that must be applied to the section to just avoid tension at the soffit of the beam. Sol: 4 = 800 x 600 = 18 x 10! mm2 z= OA 18 x 10° mms P= 80052 = 462389 Ne = 300 ~ 220 = 80 mm Let M be the bending moment required so that the tension at the soffit in just avoided. For this condition, 152389 45238980 M u iexio! 1axi0°1ex10" 2.5142. Me i ‘ a ie 18~10° . (M = 18x 10° x 4.52 = 81.36 x 10° N/mm = 81.36 kNm |A prestressed concrete beam 250 mm wide and 375 mm deep is prestressed by concentrically placed tendon. The span of the beam is 8 m and the beam has to support an imposed load of 4.25 kN/m. Find the prestressing force necessary so that the tension is just avoided at the soffit of the mid-section. If however, the tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65 mm, find the prestressing force necessary 80 that tension is just avoided at the soffit of the mid-section. Concrete weights 24. kN/m!. Sol: A = 250 x 375 = 93750 mm’, 375 mm? Dead load of the beam = 0.25 * 0.375 * 24 5 kNim Superimposed load of the beam = 4.25 kN/m ‘Total load on the beam = 2.25 + 4.25 }.50 kNim ‘Total bending moment due to dead load and superimposed load 5 = M= 6.50 x = Let Phe the prestressing force so that the tensile stress at the soffit of the mid-section is just avoided. Case (i): When the tendon is concentrically provided PM For this case aoe =0 P 210" 52x10 93750. 5859375 - a 5859375 eee Case (ii): When the tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65 mm P Pe M For this case F aa Gog 7CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 341 342 Pxos | 5859375 58593 © 2.176 x 10 P= 8.874667 P= 407843.13 N= 407,848 kN ‘Thus when no eccentricity provided, the force required is 832 KN, However when tendon is provided at an eccentricity, magnitude of prestressing force becomes 40.7.843 KN. ‘Thus tendon provided at eccentricity requirement the required of prestressing force A prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section 800 mm wide and 600 mm deep has 4 span of 12m. ‘The effective prestressing force is 980 kN at an eccentricity of 120 mm. The dead load of the beam is 45 kN/m and the beam has to carry a live load of 7.5 N/m. Determine the extreme stresses: (@ at the end section Gi) at the mid seetion without the action of live load. (ii) at the mid section with the action of live load. Sol. Area of the beam section = = 300 x 600 = 1.8 x 10% mm? Section modulus ofthe section = Z = 300 x 2 = 1.8 x 107 mm’ DL, moment at mid span = “222° <8) Nm 7.5%12? LiL, moment at mid span = 72512 = 135 Nm ( Analysis of the end section Direct stress due to prestressing force = = +544 Nimm? Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force Resultant stress at top edgi Resultant stress at bottom edge -1.09 Nim: (tensile) + 11.97 Nimm? (compre: 300 sat LN baa oa 1187 New (ii) Analysis of the mid section subjected to prestressing force and dead load Direct stress = + 5.44 N/mm? ‘Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force TES MASTER Ofer Fk tea Sra Now DOT TE sooner Phone of orsion, faseaioe snssgs ne Res (iii Ext342, RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING = ¥6.53 Nimm? My , 81x10° x rress deat ment = += + = Extreme stress due to dead load moment = #7" + 37 Resultant stress at the top edge = 5.44 — 6.53 + 4.50 = 8.41 Nimm? (compressive) Resultant stress at the bottom edge 4.50 Nimm? = 5.44 + 6.53 — 4.50 = + 7.47 Nimm? (compressive) 30 5.44 653 ASO SAT Nm is 3aa 653 789 Nim (iii) Analysis of the mid section subjected to prestressing force, dead load and live load Direct stress = + 5.44 Nimm? Extreme stress due to cecentrieity of the prestressing force = ¥6.53 Nimm* xtreme stress due to dead load moment = + 4.50 Nimm* M, _ , 135x10° Extreme atress due to live load moment = * 7 = * oor Resultant stress at the top edge = 5.44 6.53 + 4.50 + 7.50 = + 10.91 Nimm® (comp,) Resultant stress at the bottom edge = 5.44 + 6.53 ~ 4.50 ~7.50 = ~ 0.03 N/mm? (tensile). = + 7,50 Nimm? bat 68 250 10.91 Ning? oa ‘0.03 Nrmm? Sr rome Cetohak «The bending moment at which visible cracks develop in prestressed concrete members is generally referred to as the ‘cracking moment’. «After the transfer of prestress to concrete, the soffit of the beam will be under compression. «Gradually, these compressive stresses are balanced by the tensile stresses developed due to the transverse loads on the beam, so that the resultant stress at the bottom fibre is zero. «A further increase in loading results in the development of tensile stresses at the soffit of the beam. we TES MASTER ‘ebte wr lesmaterarg, salen [Link] “sone Phone: 01111013406, 638615406, 711853008 abies eenCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 343 344 + The tensile stresses developed when crack become visible at the soffit of beams depend upon the type [@ and distribution of steel reinforcement and the quality of concrete in the beam. ry ‘+ However, it is generally considered that visible cracks appear when the tensile stresees at the soffit are approximately equal to the modulus of rupture of the material, Load factor against cracking Load factor against cracking should actually be calculated as follows live load required for cracking 1 inst cracking. = iol factor agamnet king live load actually acting _4 live load moment required for cracking - ‘actual live load moment However sometimes load factor is calculated in terms of total load ‘Total load which cause’ cracking Hence, load factor againsteracking([Link] total load) =~ totat oad actually acting ‘Total BM (including D.L and live load) required to cause racking ‘Total BM actually acting Tn the. exam if nothing is mentioned as A rectangular simply supported prestressed concrete beam of cross-sectional area 200 mm x 300 mm is prestressed 8 nos, of mm by 15 nos. 5 mi 4 bar located at 65 mm from the soffit and 3 nos, of § mm 9 bar at 25 mm from the top. Assuming the effective stress in the steel wire as 840 N/mm? oF heat (D Caleutate the stress in concrete at extreme fibres at ‘mid span due to presiressing force and also due 0 360 ym its own weight over the span of 6m fi) If @ uniformly distri cork Ni) (i) If a uniformly distributed working load of 6 kN/m [5 mag anes imposed on the beam, find the maximum compressive stress in the concrete. ee (3) If the modulus of rapture of concrete is 6.5 N/mm, Estimate the load factor against eracking nm, Sol. Assuming bars to be unbounded and by neglecting the OR holes due to steel bars, the neutral axis can be taken at yy A fs mid depth of beam. ie Stresses in conerete will be due to ey 150mm e @ DL moment 6mm ‘Ofiiees FDR Ratwaria Sarah New Delhi-110 O18 Website: wwciesmasterorg, Paul ex [Link] Phone! 01111018106, 758815406, 711853908, LES MASTER543 344 RCC CIVIL_ENGINEERING ype @ Py ab come cocontniaity &; (WP, at some eccentricity ae DL = 02% 03% 24kNim =1.44 kNim BM duetoD.L atmid epan = EHO" = 648kNm Stresses due to dead load { 6.4816" Nmm . : Bending stress at top Sanat ele Nimm! bl 200(800)" 5,0 | 6 ‘ Bending stress at bottom 2,16 Nimm? = 2.16 Nimm?, Net BM duetoP, and P, = (P,e,~P, e,) sagging Te teh Gites ovbacke ae bee 2? a Bae yer, 49.480 x10? N 347 Gy x840N $948 215107 N = 247-410 N 49.48 x10" «125 ~247.4 x10" x85 Top stress Bo eS e OSES, = 4.95 tii . 200 (3007 6 Bottom stress = 4.95 Nimm? : BAP, Stress due to (P, + P,) willbe compressive throughout = +E (49.484247.4)10" os 200 +300 see PtP e deseo = 495 4.95 42.16 4.95 2.16 Ninn? 495 = 2.16 4.95 : PtP, DL Due to(P, + Ppomicn 274 Nimm” At mid span FigA we TES MASTER ‘er Fas, Katana Sora, New Delhi 10 Website: ww iesnaster ong, Email ies, [Link]| Phones 01141015406, 785815406, STHI8S008_ CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 345 346 Part 2: As there is no loss taking place, stress shown in fig, (A) will remain as such only further addition will be due to live load, Max BM at mid span due to live = Stress: Bottom = — 9 Nimm* 216Nimm 8g Nim? 1116 E -9Nimm? — 1.26 7.74Nimm* Maximum compressive stress in beam with D.L, L.L and prestressing force is equal to 11.16 Nimm? Part 3: Tensile stress existing is -1:26 Nimm?. However, cracking will occur when the tensile stress become 6.5 Nimm?, (/e., equal to modulus of rupture of cone.) To create this, additional live load moment required will be s Frx9- 1.26) =15.72kN-m = Live load moment causing cracking = 27+ 15.72 = 42 =>Load factor against eracking wat LL = = 1.58 [Link] load (Moe +M, = Ma + Mi has * Maa) Wena aaa Load factor against cracking w.r-t total load = yg = 6.48 + 42.72 Gas a7 716 w-rt total load Alternatively, the analysis of stress in the above problem can be done as given in the following example: A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30 cm deep and [Link] wide is prestressed by means of 15 wires of 5 mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and 3 wires of dia. of $ mm, 2.5 ‘em from the top. Assuming the prestress in the steel as 840 N/mm, Calculate the Stresses at the extreme fibre at the mid span section when the beam is supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m. Ifa uniformly distributed live load of 6 KN/m is imposed, evaluate the maximum working stress in concrete. The density of concrete is 24 kN/m’, (Soi For Dist Resul Maxin Nes MASTER ebste wieriemasterary Boies manera Phone: 011410130, 88610406, 711853008346 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 6m. asin Sol. Total load Dead load Tae load + Dead load 0.2 «0,8 x 24 +200 mm-~ 1.44 kN/m. | 25mm Live load a liw 4 7.44 kN/m 300 | 3 wiro offs mm dia a wP 144% | heen 650mm BM, =e 1 Wire of mmm dia 8 8 48 kN-m ‘Total Prestressing force P P (geass is} s00 en 4 206.88 KN, For eccentricity e Distance of the centroid of the prestressing force from the base. + 275 x5? 65 +8x x5? 4 4 15x x5? +8 x5 50] je ae vf" oad 100 mm, = 150 ~ 100 = 50 mm All dimensions inn bp! _ 200%300° : G4 450 x 10% mm‘ A = 200 x 300. £ Y A = 60 * 10° mm? a P i a 296.88 x10° 60 «10° 4.95 Nimm? Pe _ 296.88 x10" «50 688 x10 220 150 = 4.95 Nimm? T 450 «10 A 48 x 10° My 2 BABEIO 50 = 11,16 Nim? 1 45010 L116 N/mm’ ‘Total stress Stress at top = 4.95 — 4.95 + 11.16 0 SB 2 2 it 1.26N/mm’ Stress at bottom ! | i x 4,95 + 4.95 — 11.16 = ~ 1.26 Nimm? u [Resultant stress Maximum working stress in concrete is 11.16 N/mm? (compression). ‘Oilers Fae, Katara Sarai New Delt 110 016 Website: wisiesmasterorg, Pail es masteré[Link] Phones 01141015406, 7858815406, 711852008 LES MASTER wCIVIL_ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 347 34t A prestressed concrete beam cross section is shown, in the fig below. Determine the sagging moment that can be applied Determine the sagging moment that can he applied to the section so that maximum. compressive strosg in eonerete shall not exceed 14 ‘Nimm* and max tensile stress in conerete shall not exceed 14 N/imm?, Neglect loss in prestress, Sol. AAs the span of the beam section is not given, {effect ‘of dead load can not be estimated hence we will only account for ) effect of axial load and P @) moment due to eccentricity of axial load Le. (P x e) (3) the externally applied sagging moment (M) Effect of axial loading P_ 30.16 +60.82 ‘A ~ 100%240-50%100 N.A will be assumed at mid depth ‘Total compressive stress ne 8x (4)? x800= 7 eo «800 Bar ea gied: i Tom 5 4100 mm 2 Gharsof4 mm 6 pre-stress = 500 Nim? 30,16 kN 0.32 kN 4.76 Nimm? ‘M~30,16 «85x10? x16 Hence, 476- 925.27 x10° 1002. 10-100" = oe T= 111.03 10° mm! 1 % = 2 =925,27%10' mm! ayctrie Net sagging moment: M+Pye, = M + 30.16% 8510" 60.3210" x85 = M— 30.1610? x 8 Stress due to sagging moment: top = 3f.=30.16%85x10" - a ate 30.16.85 410 Zz M =30.16 x16x85%10" Total Ts Sane ee eet ene Peer a 925.27x10" ‘Total Bottom stress = 4.76 - 2f—90.16x 85x10" Normally under service load condition there is lesser stress at the bottom and larger stress af top. = 14 > M= 1111 kNm 925.27% 10" No Idea 12k Dist x10 mm Dete stag. Sol. me TE.S MASTER ‘Occ F1, Katwara Saray New Dele T0016] Website: www:iesmastearg Email le mastertyahoo coda Phone 11701846, P88) 306, 971185008347 ne x8 348 RCC CiVIL ENGINEERING M3016 85 10 925.27 «10° ‘Adopt max sagging BM = 8.26 kNm (min of the above two) 476 = 14 = = M= 8265 kNm Tf the tension is assumed at the top of the beam and the compression is assumed at the bottom the value of M comes out to be negative i.e., we will have to apply hogging moment for this. Thus not ‘acceptable because in the question it has beam asked to calculate mox sagging B.M. [ALYSIS OF STRESS IN VARIOUS STAGES OF PRESTRES: fe Analysis of stress in prestress beam is one at two stages (a) At the time of transfer of prestress to the concrete beam In this case stresses due to dead load and the prestressing forcé (without losses) are taken into account (b) At service load condition In this case we calculate stresses due to prestressing force (after losses), dead load and live load, i.e., Top stress zero and bottom stress max » Beam Stress variation {deal final stress distribution under service and condition is as shown in Fig. i ie, Top stress max and bottom srss 20 [. Beam stress variation A Post tensioned prestressed concrete beam span 20 m and carries a uniformly distributed live load of 12 kN/m. Covering entire span besides its own weight, The detail is as follows: Top flange = 500 * 150mm Web = 150 x 650 min Bottom flange = 300 mm x 200 mm Distance of C.G. of the section from the top edge = 455.6 mm, I,, = 265.334 x 10° mm4, Z, = 5.8238 x 10" mmn®, Z, = 4.8739 10° mm’. The prestressing force is applied by Cables of a total area = 1885.44 mmé stretched initially to 1100 N/mm? and located at 100 mm. from the bottom of edge of beam. Determine the stress at transfer and final stages of loading. Assume 15% loss of prestress in the final stage. Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m?. 500 150 Sol. = 1000 — 455.60 = 644.40 mm 500 x 10 + 150 x 650 + 800 x 200 50) 50 232500 mm? 232500 ‘=>4100 ]200 Dead load =4 x 25 = “yy5*25 = 5.8125 kNim a ‘ier 1, Ratwavie Sar LES MASTERCIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses Strese at top At final stage Stress at top Stress at bottom Strese at hottom = pee eM) Ag, 10.97 Nimm? we Ad M, M, e = 44.4 = 100 = 444.4 mm b S P = 1100 x 1385.44 = 1523984 N 4 " P _ 1523984 £ 2 = 1284 6.55 Nimm? * + 4 * 282500 { Pe 150308444 os is My My 22 eae) Ne % % Pe _ 132398444 8 aa 2 > asi’ ~ ae f i Mz _ 290,625 «10° ‘ Me SDSS = sod Nan? 2 ~ $8238%10" = My _ 290.625 «10° Be | Bae 5064 mm? 77 agi = 4 am M, _ _600x10° 4% ~ 5823810 Be eT iat han 4, At Transfer ZG = 085 6.55. — 0.85 x 11.633 + (4.998 + 10.80) M, = 0,85 x 6.55 + 0.85 x 13.897 - (6.604 + 12.51) =~ 0.6241 Nimm? eee 500. A prestress concrete T-beam is designed to support superimposed load of 11000 N/m, span = 6 m Stress in concrete should not exceed in compression by 15 N/mm? and in tension, the stress should be at the most zero (i.e., no tension) at all 300 stage of loading. Find out the required prestressing force and its eccentricity for above case. Show the position of prestressing cable by : considereding straight cable. 120 a lg fee350 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING At transfer At final stress, ° 2% 4215 0 ‘A = 500 x 100+ 120 300 = 86000 mm? 500%100 x50 +120 «300x250 133.72 mm 36000 z y, = 198.72 mm ; yj =26628 mm : 500.100" 120300" 1 = 8002200" « 560x100 033.72-50)¢ + O00 we a ye aa Solt wt = 15kNim (by considering unit wt. of ceonerote ta be 25 kN) Dead load moment = 9,675 kN-m ‘Superimposed load udl = 11 kNin xe Superimposed oadmoment = af, = 5 = 49.5 kN-m Ideal stress diagram at the stage of transfer is as shown in fig. At top P Pe 9 MS PE gg ay BOIS aeo00 ~iiasasxi0e” 7? * 1148.88 %10" & 1389.07 13889.07 p _ pe 9.675x10° = 193.72 ee 2 99.9 P—Pe +9.675 x10° = 0 @ Po Pe M, PPM At bottom. aes wo LES MASTER CE een Oi camer yaisec! Phones 011-1101206, 638815406, 9791952008CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 354 P| Pex26628 OS 6TBAIO! E 266.28 = 36000 "1148.88.10" T148.8ex10° "0078 = 1 50.14 P + Pe—9.675 «10° = 61718941.6 = Gi Adding (i) and Gi) 150.07 P = 61718341.6 P = 431.25 kN Fea M9P20070 10" ty deal stress diagram for final stage of loading isa shown below Stress at top = AP KP, , Ot 4M), ae ere ree 0.80% 431.2510" _ 0,80 431.25 x10" <133.72 ‘86000 1148.88 10" 122.88 oO 193.72 = 101 491 +6.88 =5.98<15 OK Stress at bottom KP, KPe _ (M,+M,) te ee 80%431.25 10" | 80% 491.2510" «122.93 * 36000 masaaagt * (76825) (9.675 + 49.5) 266.28 10° 4d 88x10" = 4014978 ~18.71 = 0.08 >0safe OK URVED SHAPE OF PROFILE OF CABLE} Load balancing concept By providing bent tendon, the tendons will exert an upward pressure on the concrete beam and will therefore counteract a’part or whole of the external downward loading + A parabolic shape of the profile will exert a uniformly distributed upward load on the beam. + Sharp angles in cable induce concentrated loads, pe ee LES MASTER i aerate mma] itecarere ‘Phone 01141018106, 738811406, 711859008, name ti v FE]352 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 351 2 The various types of curved shape profile and then equivalent loading are as shown in the figure below, i rs : me 4 aT ie aP-con Peycon Peace eos oo Peas 3 Bd ae ORR ‘Peon he 1 a Paget ( PSR RCERESS Pry cort 1 will SP loos He: t val TES MASTER ‘coin NM ete EsCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 353 Paint Psind=Ptang= 26 @ In general the cable profile should be chosen such that it corresponds to the hending moment diagram resulting from external loads. For Point load —> BMD triangular —-> Cable profile should be triangular For udl > BMD Parabolic —> Cable profile should be parabolic For Two point load —+ BMD trapezoidal —» Cable profile should be trapezoidal. p32 (OF U Se) BAe ae ss ts Coma tn js ‘The parabolic cable profile actually acts like a cable in the suspension bridge. The cable has the property that at every point of it the bending moment (BM) is zero (0), Ry BMatC=0 Equation of the parabolic profile wi 2 BM atD=0 Wat Rx-Ry y= 0 pe TES MASTER Dice Fah Karwar Sra New Dent TOOTS Website: ww esmaster og. eal: ies [Link] Phone! 01111015406, 7958813406, #711850008 35onty Ky 354 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING West Wir Wes aN TYG _ 4 Pecos -P) Px Pcos8 ~~ Peos 8 P cos de x(x =D) i [,- ==] ere) ‘This formula is used when origin is chosen at the location of P at ends dy| tan = FL : 4e n8 = SFE 2x] ta 7 | oe ! 400 For the prestressed beam shown in figure, the effective prestressing force = 1200kN Calculate extreme fibre stress at mid span taking deal load 60 also into account Sol. Forsmall angles tan = sin At mid span section of | 1200 KN “At mid span Stress at top 120010? _1200%10" «140 | 295.9210" 24x10" 24x10" 24x10" Stress at bottom =6-7+12.88 = 10.33 Nimm? 0.33 Nimm? ee oe ae eee a pe ee See ee esl PSPsCIVIL ENGINEERING meee) Solve the previous question using load balancing method. Also calculate stress at top at quarter span using both load balancing concept and stress concept. 180 kN y= 5.76 KNim Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 355 ol. : 40 and = 2012009. 319 en 2 tand ae 5.76 (6) | (180-112) x Bs . + BMaagan = SARE 5 GOO A28 «197,92 kN saguinel Hiress at fap pe 1200%10" | 127.9210" _ 19 99 sim? fv = 4° Z ~ 400x600 * 2410 Stress at bottom Ae vai [ralculation the stress at quarter span (using load balancing concept) 104 w=5rouvh BINS os ie ae 828 a1 ask Ee : 5,760.5)" _ ef BM atquarter span = 61.26x1.5~ 2700 70.44kNm 0% Biemeat aay: B Mess 7.935 Nimm? ae ee eal" Calculation of stress at quarter span using stress concept S70KNm aap uN f jwarter span A guneter sn few Delbt-THO TE Website: wir iesmasterorg Email ies master#yahoo coda Phe: 0114101340, 6388) 406, 711853405 = = WS55 356 RCC CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Fy 5 90+2:70%8 = 107. 28 kN (BM) = 107. 2801.5-270208) BM = 154.44kN-m Btress at top 10° 1200-10 158.44 «10! Az 10" 24% 10' 24x 10° = 5-3.5+6.438 = 7.93 N Nimm? "For the loading and cross. section condition shown in figure. Find stress at top at mid span and at quarter span using te * LL=15kNim i 1500 kN 1500 koi 700 Parabolic = 200mm 1. Stress concept 2. Load balancing concept Sol. Zz A00C80F 97.5410 main? Deadload = 0.4% 0.7 X24 kNim=7.2KNIm —[Yiyye= 24 KNim*] LL+DL = 7.2415 = 222 kNim Calculation of eccentricity at quarter span Je et LL= 15 kNim 1500 kN 1500 kN a: 0, oy an 200 min y= Heda) 2200-26-96 150 mm eee eccentricity at quarter span = ¢, = 150 mm 4H ice Fe Karwan art Now Da Ti0076 cot we LES MASTER Ruble weviennaterary Ellen aseréyehancoin aoe Phonon tsi 1isiog aiasioeAnalysis of Prestress & bending stresses 357 35t CIVIL ENGINEERING Calculation ofslope angle Oat mid and quarter span It quarter span oy dx tand = a= cos = At mid span Stress concept Moy = At mid span At quarter span epee fot = Load balancing concept BM due to D.L and L. Lat mid span and quarter span = 2,622 Nimm? 0.05 2.86 (at quarter span) 0.998 =1 ax Merd=2*5) i 0 0 i ai : 22.2(8)° 177.6 kN-m 20 7 eg A Zz 2 Mia Age 1500%10' _ 1500100" x200 | 17.610' _ », 4 rn ee ae 1.786 Nimm? ‘One: 13K Katwavia Saral New Del 110 O16 Website: www isinaster org: E-pal: les. [Link] Phone: 01141013406, 83881406, 711851908 Fine bala Sol.358 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING im? “15.3 8 Ma - e 122.4 kNm [ ve) means hogging] M, uae fe 1500 4N| Atmid span 1AkNin® 150010! 122.410" y = 40x60 stiieao” 1 GeNim troy Atquarter span fro = Example 15| In the above question find out the equation of parabolic cable if due to 1500 RN of prestressing force, the external load is exactly balanced such that there exists no bending moment at any section. 8Pe oe 22.2, external loads will be exactly balanced and BM at all sections will become zero Sol. The udl caused by parabolic profile is given by 10, tg 81500 2.2 xe =0,1184m 2 a ons: = 184mm ‘equation of parabolic profile with origin at left end 5, = dese) Axo.11842 6-9) 64 ' y = 74x 104 x (l-2) Zn this case the bending mament due ta external loading is parabolic and the cable profile is also| parabolic. Cable profile is generally taken as of the same shape as that of the bending moment due one "Find cable profile for a cantilever beam subjected to udl (W,.yq) Such hat the cable profile exactly balances the external loading. P Weert Sol. |As the bending moment diagram due to cantilever will be parabolic hence we will choose the cable profile also as parabolic. |, ‘The eccentricity provided by the profile should produce moment which is equal but opposite to tbs external moment. ‘Dies F125, Ratwavia Sarai New Del 110 016 Website: www desnaster ong, Email les master [Link] 61406, 8711853008CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & ben g stresses 359 Wa? (BM due to prestressing force) Py = “J (ie., BM due to external load) B= Worm 8! atx=1 oe ‘A pretensioned beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide by 120 mm deep is to be designed to support ‘concentrated loads of 4 kN each at one-third span poihis over an effective span of 3 meters. The ‘permissible stresses in concrete are limited to zero and 1.4 N/mm? in tension at transfer and working load respectively. If 8 mm diameter wires initially stressed to 1400 N/mm? are used, find the number of wires required and the eccentricity of the prestressing force assuming 20 percent loss in prestress. Weight of concrete = 25 kN/m?. Sol. ‘A = 80% 120= 9600 mm? = MM at - Lote ct Dead load of the beam = 0.08 x0.12 25 = 0.24 kNim Case I. Analysis. at transfer Let P, be the prestressing force at transfer. Let the eccentricity be e (mm). Dead load bending moment = Direct stress = Extreme stress due to eccentricty of the prestressing force Be Be Re ce ake init 2 -*Taax0 & te : IN. ae Tetons serait es ied moma © = Oe Nd Zz 1,92 «10° P, ue: fi 9600" Lozxi0® 7 “141 cy) TES MASTER Dies FBR Ravwavie Saal New DobT- 110018 Website: we. iesinaster org, E-mail ies mastersyahoo coin Phones 01141013406, 638811406, 6711853005459 360 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Case 2, Analysis of working conditions Live load bending moment = M, =4%1=4kNm Finalprestressing force = P= 0.8 PO P_08P, rect stress = 2h Direct st ao Estreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force Fe OBB et Zima Extreme stress due to dead load bending moment = £1.41 Nimm’ 0mm ue Extreme stress due to live load bending moment “eNfo M,_ 4x10" = Mi. “_ ~ 20,83 Nim’ Zippo a For the condition that final stress at the bottom edge is 1.40 Nimm (tensile), 08R,, 08Re 08% , DSM 141-2088 = - 9600 * 1.92%10" Pea OBR 08 Re OBR , 08Re _ 9600 “Lozuio® = 2054 R, Be 9600 1.9210" oo o Bue Pee eee Shay = ” 9600 ie2x10 a P. jing equation @)and Gi) <= =24.64 -. P,=118272N Adding equation @) and Gi) {3h 72N Substituting ineq G) 118272 < 9600 19210 hat 1isze _ 4 es rosa ~ 13.731.92 «10 13.73x1.92 10" 5 99 5 e S212 10° tom = 22.3 mm 118272 Aajag = =81.50mm* ‘Area oftendons = 4, = "35g mm Area of one wire of Simm diameter = 7.07 mm? «| . 34.504 +. Number of mm, diameter wires required = >" = 12 wires Dee FR Rares Sra New DoT THOS an wy LES MASTER Sie Fe Ee cory Resales asertyobencoda = Pus or sono ste te, 118008CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 361 "RESSURE LINE OR THRUST LINE AND INTERNAL RESISTING COUPLE} + At any given section of a prestressed concrete beam, the combined effect of the prestressing force and the externally applied load will result in a distribution of concrete stresses that can be resolved into a single force. The locus of the points of application of this resultant force in any structure is termed ax the ‘pressure or th ‘The following exam, . prestressing is constar Uf the load is such that stress at the bottom fibre in concrete is zero at mid span and eccentricity of Sol. At mid span, the stresses are as given below rust line’ ple will illustrate the C-line/P-line concept int equal to D/6, locate the P-line at mid span, at ends and also at quarter span. 36: E M _ P,p!6) wf Patti = Z dD ODI6 bd 6 2, Puls bd" wD baie 2P whis _ = ue ~@ a Pp _witis 2pm. : : DD bd 16 a oats 2 ee ba 16 thrust (P) 2P Hence from (i) t= | Due to triangular distribution, resultant stress will be at a ° stress at wid span, distance of D/S from top |. Magnitude of resultant thrust = At the supports the stresses are given below Brn. The ee the 6 : 2 Po ear © 6D bD 6D fists eer F1b6 Katwara Sorat Now Del H10 O76 LES MASTER ‘Website ww ismaster rgb es mesteyabonco “| elena Phone: oli sio6ioe, setae, 1188308ool me TES MASTER Se ee ee cine aurereyubnona 362 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING _ p_PDi6) R 6D bDI6 Magnitude of resultant thrust = P- [At quarter span the stresses are as given below eu uo eo as stro at the auppore a ae 82 Sel PDT e) Wie eet bD bDIG bDEI6 2P Sul? 132 bD bDI6 2P 2P(3 . = bp pli} From @) Le 4bD P_PDI6) bb DF I6 2P 6P a {7 Pe ae EE nceltant trast Be eg ee : 4bD 10D 5D 8°52 b Magnitude of resultant thrust {s + 2B ds Dxb=P scressat quarter span ‘Thus, the thrust line will be as shown below ‘Dhoust line (Pine) (Parabolic variation) 1 ‘The resultant thrust is accounting for the combined effect of prestressing force (P), its eecentricity (Pe) and the external moment : Constant along the span H Er (Pe. one 8 = (lt Varios parabolically along the span constant along the spanCIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & ben g stresses 363 ‘Thus if we assume that only P force is acting at the location of thrust line such that its eccentridity ise” than, Th ; . ee] ‘As variation of M is parabolic, P is constant and e is constant, variation of e' will be parabolic. Thus the thrust line (P-line) variation in this case will be parabolic |- Note the sign convention we should follow to find out the eccentricity of Psline is that (@) Sagging BM ()ve and hogging BM (-) ve (©) (ve value of e' means P-line is above N.A (©) Cve value of e' means P-line is below N.A. @ Original eccentricity of cable line is (Hve if it is below N.A M Pp = Shift of P-ine from cable tine is ME (+) ve shift means above cable line and (-) ve shift means below cable line |- Note that in this problem if Pe =M_ i.e, When the effect the effect of external loading is exactly Also, ete balanced by the eable profile, the thrust line will become horizontal. at C.G such that e’ = 0 and ther ip would be constant stress of P/A throughout the span, be ‘The variation of thrust line along the span should be gauged from the relation 0) J+ If Mis parabolic and e is constant, variation of thrust line will be parabolic J+ If Mis linear and e is constant, variation of thrust line will be linear a M + fMis parabolic and eis also parabolic, variation ofe' will he parabolicif 5 © otherwise jt will be zero ‘The conceptof finding out stress using P-line conceptis called oo ae s strength concept or internal resisting couple concept or C- : Be Aine concept bas qe hed PB : 4 ca. ' me *,= 5 Website: [Link] org, El ex mastertahon coin Phone: 01141013106, 818411406, 711853008Al ao Find the location of thrust line using the stress concept at it's mid span and also from shifting of P-line concept. Also find the stress at top at mid span using P-line concept Sol. Stress concept TnL = 15 kNim DAL = 0.4% 0.75 x 24= 7.2 kNIm 22.2.8) Moctipan = OE =177.6 im Stress at top zero P Pe PP Mow 1736 N/mm? + Mpa = 1.136 Nima Stress at bottom ee ne 264 Nimm? ee 8261 N/ Stress diagram at mid span 750 P= 1500 kN 2x1, 79828 264 © NPetine location at mid 3.264 1,786 spanor thrust line 293.41mm ae = TEP Karwar Sorat Now DoT THO TE = LES MASTER ise: wn ieamsterorg, ema is matertyabosain Sr Phones o11 sora, rset, 71183008 | CIVIL ENGINEERING Ste that while using Pcline concept to find out stresses, external load is not taken in to account ecause it has already been accounted for in e’ ‘The thrust line concept leads to the following understanding that “A change in the external moments in the elastic range of a prestressed concrete beam results ina shift of the pressure line rather than in an increase in the resultant force in the beam.” ‘+ This is in contrast to a reinforced conerete beam section where an increase in the external moment results in a corresponding increase in the tensile force and the compressive force. The increase in the resultant forces are due to a more or less constant lever arm between the forces, characterised by the properties of the composite section «Basically, the lond- carrying mechanism is comprised of a constant foree with a changing lever-arm, as in the case of prestressed concrete sections, and a changing force with a constant lever arem prevailing in reinforced concrete sections. «However, if'a prestrssed concrete member is cracked, it behaves jn a manner similar to that of a reinforced conerete section. LL= 15 kNim 200 1500 kN cone-enenaeseennpneiciimitlilit tat on ipCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 365 ‘By shifting of P-line concept M _177.6kNm Shift of Pine from cable line= >= “5 = 184mm Calculation of stress using P-line concept e’atmid span = 81.6 mm below C.G Stress at top ‘moment. A prestressed concrete heam with cross-section of 300 x 600, 12m long, carries a live load of 12 KN/m. in addition to self weight. Itis prestressed with 2000 600 mm? of high tension steel located at 175 mm from the soffit. The cable profile is straight for full length and stress in it is 800 Nimm®. It is bonded with conerete. Determine the location of thrust line in the beam and plot the position at end, and at mid 12 kNim LiL seg section. Given Sol. When the effect of modular ratio is taken into account i.e., when the deduction due to hole is not made| a transformed area equivalent to (m ~ 1) A, shall be taken into account. In these cases the steps in caleulation will be as under (1) locate the C.G of the transformed section @) Find out moment of inertia of transformed section about C.G line (3) Find out section modulus Zum, ANd Zipp (4) Find out the eccentricity of prestressing force w.r.t the C.G (6) Prestressing force will be taken as area of steel tendon * stress in steel, Further calculation would be the normal calculation TES MASTER ‘ices F16, Katwaria Sarai New Dalit 110017 Website: ww Jcemuster org, Ema: ies masteryahoo con 008.ww ade 366 Roc CIVIL ENGINEERING Wi, M streas in london = prestressing force =P > P = 2000 x 800 = 1600 kN 30 600» 300 + 10000.» 425 300%600 10000. mm 306, 300% (306.57) , 300 (298.43)! a 3 + 10000 (293.43 -175)' = 5548 * 10° mm* (ou) A, =(6~ 1 2000= 10000 mnt ue 18.110" mm Fooy = 306.57 © Jog Frowm = 293.48 e = 293.43 - 17 0.3.x 0.6 x 24 = 4.82 kNim (Assuming the unit of conerete to be 24 kNim4 8.910" mm* 118.43mm 7 o bt Le aN eee: Macau = 222022 - aon an am ‘To locate the thrust line, we will use the amount of shifting from cable line ‘At ends, M=0 : : = Amount of shifting will be zero ‘At mid span, M = 293.76 kNm M _293.76kNm > Amount of shifting = “5 = “tego kNm ~ 826™™ Also, as the variation of M is parabolic and cable is straight (ie. cable eccentricity is constant) henee, | = ‘Thrust line eccentricity will be prabolic Tf we drow the stress diagram and Find out its C6, the thrust line at centre will nat be 241.4 mm ‘from top. This is because location of thrust line will be ot the C6 of stress prism not at the C6 of stress diagram. Calculation of C.6 of stress prism will be difficult in any section in which width is not constant throughout. However if width is constant throughout, C.6 of stress prism and that of stress diagram will be at the same vertical elevation. .G of stress diagram Hence in case of section where width is not constant throughout, it would be better to compute the location of thrust line using the concept that shift of thrust line from cable line is M/P. = | TES MASTER "Oia Fak ata Sor DEB OTS Be ee Fda rans wiernee smnCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 367 A prestressed concrete beam of section 120 mm wide by 300 mm deep is used over an effective span of 6 m to support a uniformly distributed load of 4kN/m, which includes the self-weight of the beam. The beam is prestressed by a straight cable carrying a force of 180 kN and located at an eccentricity of 50 mm. Determine the location of the thrust-line in the beam and plot its position at quarter and central span sections, Sol: BAM. ateentre = =18kNem M _ 18x10 Shift of C line from P line a = >> Shift of C line from P i Ro aeaal é = 100 mm = 100 ~ 50 = 50 mm (evcentricity shifted above the N.A.) ei Ce: 180x408, 180%J0° x50 | otal stress = 22 y = 2 150. eae ey 7 77 Boeaan 00" 120.98 = 545 Nimm? - Stress at top =5 + 6 = 10 Nimm? Stress at bottom 0mm? 10m? 300 T Action at a distance “S* = 100 mm from Top 0 Pressure line Location of pressure line and distribution of stresses at mid span |At Quater span M wh 4x6 Nin Reaction “t= 4°8 = 12 kN Moment at 1.35 m from A = 12 x 13 = 13.5 kN-m 13.519" of C line f BEAT 2 75 mn Shif of € ine from P line a = =e ane’ 75 ~ 50 = 25 mm (eccentricity above the N.A.) a LES MASTER ree ee ee368 Roc CIVIL ENGINEERING 7 18010, 18010" «25, = ot $ one x 50 oo te 20300 00 ‘ t i 20 e i j 0 a Atop : At bottom hrust Line acting at a distance 1.54 2x25), 200 a be G B28) 8 _ 25 mnt 5Nimo ‘ > y Frzac tine 25mm ae oe (ou er ee psn, nm A oo : oe 5 Nimn A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide by 300 mm deep is prestressed by a force of 540 kN at a constant eccentricity of 60 mm, The beam supports a concentrated load of 68 kN at the centre of a span of 3 m. Determine the location of the pressure line at the centre, quarter span and support sections of| the beam, Neglect the self-weight of the beam. sot AtsupportM = 0 New eccentricity 60 mm (eccentricity below the N.A.) LaNoe 540%10" - 540108 x60 ‘Total stress = ae 250%300 4. 300 12 = 7278.64 Nimm? ; Siress at top 1.44 Nimm? z Stress at bottom = 5.84 Nimm? in At Quater span oak Moment at Quater span = 34 x 0.75 = 25.5 kN-m M _25.5x10° Shift a = “p ” p40xi0® = 47.22 mm hn ‘ee Fs, Ratwava Sarat New DoT TOO16 col LE.S MASTER ‘Website wwiiesnater ogy ema es. masters [Link] Phones 011-41013406, 758815106, 9711858008CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 369 ane 47.22 - 60 12.78 mm (Eccentricity below the N.A.) New eccontricity © Ce _ 640x108 , 540x107 Total stress = =F —<2.y io = 40x10 12,78 «180 Ante 50800 i 250,900 2 = 7271886 Nimm? Biel Rina Stress at top = 7.2 — 1.836 = 5.364 Nimm? Sttess of bottom = 7.2 + 1.836 = 9,036 Nimm? Pressure line act at distant y from the top ie Moment at centve span (9.036 Nim’ hifta = ae = ON Shifta= Tp” pavai0 New eccentricity e =a ~ 6! }4.444 mm (new eccentricity is above the N.A. 54010", 540%107 «84.44 150 250%300 300° ose 7.24 4.96 Nimm? 12.16 Nim Stress at top = 7.2 + 4.96 = 12.16 Nimm? fs Stress at bottom = 7.2 4.96 = 2.24 Nimm? a Pressure line act at a distance y from the top BS 12.1G+2x2.24) 300 Liege doa Jog eh 86 mm ee 224 Nim? Cable line Location of pressure line in the prestressed beam S ‘Oees F128, Katwaria Sarai New Delbi-TH0 016 Website: wore ermaater or, mail fx master#yahoo coi Phone: 01141015108, 798913406, 711853808370 : RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 69 ml Soe A prestressed concrete beam of span 8m carrying a udl of ISkN/m (excluding self wt.) is prestressed by a force P= 1500 kN Calculate stress in beam at end, quarter span and at mid span using (D. Stress concept (2) Strength concept (3) Load balancing concept Show also the position of pressure line in the beam at these location. Take the section of the beam as rectangular 400 * 750 mm + : T Sol. ‘A = 400% 750= 3% 10° mm? oe ae = 4008750" <1 4062510" = 4 2 Peos i Z = 37.5% 10° Equation of parabolic cable Me 2 xh) deflection at quarter span ievat x = 2m tA 4.200 2400 (8000-2000) e 100" 150 mm y 150mm (eccentricity at quarter span Le., at see 2)—(2)) ie, at ae dy Fe ie {l- 2x] = Slope at ends (i.c., at.x= “1 dy 4h _— 4x20 wg ee Me eke hc tnd = aR Oe 6 = tan! (0.10)=5.7 oie 2 peign as ages RA th, loads: Selfweight = 0.4% 0.75% 1x25 =7.50KN/M Gpoqe 25 kN/m®) Live load = 15.00kNim Total udl = 22.50 kNim Moa Ry Mat2m = = Taiwan Saat New DoT THO TE cel LES MASTER Tbr weicarserary fan [Link] Phone: -H1013406, 658813406, 711854008CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 371 We Mya = —y (A) Stress concept method (1) at ends eccentricity = 0, BM =0 at mid span | a P_ 150010" : 5 r nd bottom = =~ 0 <5 Nim* Stress at top and bottom = = 1. At quarter span Elis : id : P , * + P y i Stressattop = = 5 150010" «150, 138 «10! 37.5x10" | 37.510" 5-64 3.6=2.6 Nimm? Stress atbottom = 5+6~3.6=7.4 Nimm? a+2b hh _26+2x74, 70 Pak 8 26-7d go oe Becentriety of thrust line, ¢, = 435 ~ 375 = 60 mm v Stress at top = Stress at bottom = Eecentricty of thrust line, ¢, Ss MASTER 5-S+48=13 5+8-48=8.2 Nimm? a+2b 6 1 a+b 8 495-875 = 80 mm Zz _ 1500%10'<200 , 18010" "87.8210" 87.5x10" Boe 82 TN 2 pen 18+82 "3 ‘Ofice F-1S6 Ratwaria Seat, New Delbi- THO O16 Wibsit: wr jeemasterorg, Banal: ies [Link] Phone: 011-0106, P8380, S711853808 Be s372 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Suea ihe (Cine) alte Parabolic (Roughly drawn) btrength Concept (Thrust line concept) Shift thrust line from cable ine = Shift atoupport location = & ; P Shift at quarter span = 180%1 i Shiftatmidspand = oop sg? => Eecentricity of thrust line from C.G of section. (Q) atsupport=0 (2) at quarter span = 150 - 90 = 60mm (3) at mid span = 200-120 = 80 mm Stress at top and bottom _ P_ 1800x108 ie at support = = Gag. a95 mmpressive) At quarter span P 150010? x60 oP Be 15. OO SS 55-24 = 26 Nim? Attop =F erent 2.4 =2.6 Nimm’ PB Pe = 24 Pe_ 5424 = 74Nimm* Athottom = [+ jh= 6424 = 74 At mid span 1500210! x80 ge S750 = 8 Nimm* At bottom Load balancing concept equivalent loading is as shown below ue TES MASTER Ger cat ati atten Phone: 01141013406, 558615406, TTIRS8008CIVIL ENGINEERING _Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 373 Hence net loading is as shown below BM atquarter span = -¢0.24 780) 90 kNim BMatmidspan = -60x4+ Her 120 kN/m BM at support = 0 P _1500%108 re t support = © = 20010" 5 mm? > Stress at top & bottom at supp: Fae = 9 Nim: Stress at top and bottom at quarter span P_M_, 90x10" Attop = 2-5 20x10 og Nimm* ea ee aan PM A = 2M 5494-74Nimm* bottom = +7 Stress at top and bottom at mid span AUTop = 5-3.2-1.8 Nimm* Atbottom = 5+32 = 82Nimm* Bly Rly A concrete beam with a single overhang is simply supported at A and B over a span of 8 m and the overhang BC is 2m. The beam is of rectangular section 300 mm wide by 900 mm deep and supports a uniformly distributed live load of 3.52 N/m over the entire length in addition to its self-weight. determine the profile of the prestressing cable with an effective foree of 500kN which balance the dead and live loads ‘on the beam. Sketch the profile of the cable along the length of the beam. Sol. The single overhang beam ABC supporting uniformly distributed load is shown in Fig. ait TES MASTER i Retain Sava, New DalnT= TOOT riesmasterorg oma ies-master yahoo oi Phone: 01141015406, 758819406, 9711850008374 RCC CIVIL_ ENGINEERING q=a52kNim A wi Be if Qverhang beam om sn ites ; it ae 4 eat Max = 70.3 KN par 4300 +-— asi TE cae 4 eae pea a oO B + Prestressing force in the cable, P = 500 kN. Self-weight ofthe beam = (0.3 x 0.9 x 24) = 6.48 kN/m Live load on the beam = 3.52 kKN/m Total load = 10.00 kN/m ‘Thereactions at A and B are obtained as, Ry = 87.5 KN; Ry = 62.9 kN = BOF - 201m BM at distance x from A. M, = — 0.510% 32 Formaximum bending moment, (dM Jd) = 87.5- 10x Henee x= 875m Myge = (37.5 * 3.75 — 0.5 x 10 8.754) = 70,3 KN.m M, = Owhen 6x2=87.5r 2. x= 7.5m Hence the eccentricity of the cable at the position of maximum bending moment is computed as, e=M, 70.3 x 10°)(600 10%) = 140.6 mm Eocentricity of the cable at B is calculated as € = MyiP) = 20 x 10/600 10%) = 40 mm Since the bending moment at A is zero, the cable is concentrie at this point. vax!) ‘The cable profile is parabolic with eccentricities of 140.6 mm below the centroidal axis at D and 40mm. ‘above the centroidal axis at the support section B and with zero eccentricities at A and C as shownin Fig. FAR Roars Sara NOW TANTO TES MASTER edie eve eomerag Ema ogmanrtyaineni poner Thon irs ae ig 808CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 375 Aprestressed concrete beam supports an imposed load of kN/m over an effective span of 10m. The beam has a rectangular section with a width of 200 mm and depth of 600 mm. Find the effective prestressing force in the cable ifit is parabolic with an eccentricity of 100 mm at the centre and zero at the ends, for the following conditions: (@) Ifthe bending effect of the prestressing force in nullified by the imposed load for the mid-span section (neglecting self weight of beam), (@) Ifthe resultant strese'due to self-weight, imposed load and prestressing force is zero at the soffit o the beam for the mid-span section (assumed D, = 24 kN/m:). Sol. A= 12x 10!mm% © = 100 mani, Z= 12% 10° mm*: q = 4kNim Selfweight ofthe beam = (0.2 x 0.6 x 24) = 2.88 kN/m (@) If P = prestressing force, Pe = (q1#/8) . : Bt (b) Total load on beam = (2.88 + 4.00) = 6,88 kN/m Bending moment at the centre of the span, 500 kN M = (0,125 x 6.8810") =86kNm For the bottom fibre stress to be zero, E = M AZ ( BP oo * (86x10') 12x10" tina 2x10) P = 430x10N = 430kN A rectangular concrete beam 300 nim wide and 800 mm. deep supports tio concentrated loads of 20 kN each at the one-third point of a span of 9m. (@) Suggest a suitable cable profile. If the eccentricity of the cable profile is 100 mm for the middle third portion of the beam, calculate the prestressing force required to balance the bending effect of the concentrated loads (neglect the self-weight of the beam). ©) For the same cable profite, find the effective force in the cable if the resultant stress due to self- weight, imposed loads and prestressing force is zero at the botiom fibre of the mid-span section. (Assume D, = 24 kN/m’) Sol. (@) A trapezoidal cable profile is selected since the bending momen diagram due to the two concentrated loads is trapezoidal in shape. Given Q = 20kN;e = 100mm; 9m,Z = 32% 10! mm! ‘Office: F126 Ratwaria Sarat New Deni 110 010 Website: wor eemusterorg. mal: iesmaster’[Link] Phone: 0114101106, 7858819406, 721854008AN idle ‘fect self- ion, cated — 376 RCC CIVIL_ENGINEERING oO Ors) GOOkN Pe (b) Self-weight of the beam, g = @8X 98 x 24) = 6.76 kNim Self-weight moment, M, = (0.125 5.76 x 9%) = 58.32 kNm 58.8210" ant Bending stress SEY LSE Moment at the centre due to loads = | =1,875 Nimm* Stresses due to loads = | 59.467 (as ‘Total tensile stress at the bottom fibre = (1,82 + 1.879) = 3.695 Nimm* IfP = required prestressing fore’ in the cable. = 100m A = (800 x 800) = 24 x 10 mm? Pe) Zz) 3.695 1 100_) x10" + = 5 P(ge azarae) = 808 P = 507 x 10? N = 507 kN ‘A beam of symmetrical [-section spanning 8 m has a flange width of 250 mm and a flange thickness of 80 mum respectively. The overall depth of the beam is 450 mm. Thickness of the web is 80 mm. The beam is prestressed by a parabolic cable with an eccentricity of 150 mm at the centre of the span and zero at supports. The live load on the beam is 2.6 kNim. {@) Determine the effective force in the eable for balaneing the dead and live loads on the beam. Sketch the distribution of resultant stress at the centze-of-epan section for the above case. (© Calculate the shift ot the pressure line from the tendon-centre-line ‘The properties of the symmetrical Lsection shown in Fig. are computed as, ia = 0.088 mt Se g = 157 kNim | ‘oe 1 = 1.903 * 10° mm! = q = 2.50 Nim Z = 6.9 «10° mm* to ‘Website: worm lesmasterorg Pima iw master*yaboncoia Phones 01-1010, 838812406, 9711853908CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 377 ie bending moments at the centre of the span are calculated as, (0.125 X1.57 x82) = 12.56 kNm (0.125 x 2.50 x 8%) = 20.00 kNm ‘Total moment, M = (M, + M,)= 32.56 kNm IfP = tendon force, for load-balancing we have P = (Mle) = (82.56 x 10/150 = 217 kN ‘The centre-of-span section is subjected to a direct stress of intensity (P/A)=217 10°V(0,063% 10°)= 3.44 N/mm? Shift of pressure line = (M/P) = (2.56 x 10°)/ (217/109) = 150mm. ‘The pressure line coincides with the centroidal axis of the beam, t EE one + When the resultant compression (C) is located within a specific zone of section of a beam, tensile sses are not generated. This zone is called the kern zone of a section. +) For a section symmetric about a vertical axis, the kern zone is within the levels of the upper and lower kkern points. + When the resultant compression (C) under service loads is located at the upper kern point, the stress at the bottom edge is zero. + Similarly, when C at transfer of prestress is located at the bottom kern point, the stress at the upper edge is zero. + The levels of the upper and lower kern points from C.G of concrete (j.e., Neutral axis) are deonted as k, and ky, respectively. + Based on the stress concept, the stress at the bottom edge corresponding to C at the upper kern point, is equated to zero, = + The following sketch shiows the location of C and the resultant stress profile Location of resultant compression Resultant stress profile Resultant stress profile when compression is at upper kern point ‘The value k, can be calculated by equation the stress at the bottom to zero as follows. C:, Chy,, A’ Ty 7° CY Chy Alar or, mes @ esemenaue Phone: 011-11018406, 818815106, 0711853908 wu! TES MASTER etcins were ctaaanenty Dont tenuate ecbencill378 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘The above equation expresses the location of upper kern point in terms of the section properties. Here - is the radius of gyration and y, is the distance of the bottom edge from neutral axis, Similar to the calculation of k, the location of the bottom kern point can be calculated by equating the stress at the top edge to zero. ‘The following sketch shows the location of C and the rsultsnt stress profile. Location of resultaht compression Resultant stress profile Resultant stress profile when compression is at lower kern point. oint © Ch , . A Im = ° . 2€ hy. 4 r A ar > or ey Gi) Here, 9; is the distance of the top edge from neutral axis. Cracking moment using kern Point ‘The kern points can be used to determine the cracking momnt (M,,) ‘The cracking moment is slightly greater than thé’moment causing zero stress at the bottom. Cis located above h, to cause a tensile:stress f., at the bottom. ‘The incremental moment is /,,I!y,. The following sketch shows the shift in C outside the kern to cause cracking and the corresponding stress profiles. Location of resultant compression ij escee Resultant stress profile at cracking of the bottom edge ‘The cracking moment can be expressed as the product of the compression and the lever arm. ‘The lever arm is the sum of the eccentricity of the centre of gravity of steel (e) and the eccentricity of the compression (e). The later is the sum of k, and AZ, (the shift of C outside the kern.) > M, = Clete) Cle +k, +Az) TES MASTER Webaie rev tovacterar bleu mastertyabeoonia eee S406, 0711853908__CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 379 380 or M, = Clow) + bet oii) " 2 se Substituting C hy Sand 1 =I A, the above equation becomes - a(e steletel So % DH Th = ua = Pip pre we An Limiting zone + For fully prestressed member (Type 1), (Itefer to IS recommendation chapter) tension is not allowed under service conditions. If tension is also not allowed at transfer, C always lies within the kern zone. Oe reer ee ete ec + The limiting zone is defined as the zone for placing| the the centre of gravity of steel of the tensons| ae such that C always lies within the kern zone. |. 7 For limted prestressed member (Type 2 and ‘Type a), tension is allowed at transfér and under service conditions. Locus of eno, + The limiting zone is defined as the zone for placin pag NN hele 1 the centre of gravity ofsteel such thatthe tensile stressesin the étreme edges are within the allowable values + The following figure shows the limiting zone (as the shaded region) for a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load. 1 Bee For the post-tensioned beam with a flanged section as shown, the profile of the CGS is parabolic, with no. eccentricity at the ends. The live load moment due to service loads at mid-span (M,, ) is 648 kNm. the ‘Mor prestress after tranfer (P,) is 1600 kN, Assume 15% loss at service, Grade of eonerete is M30. Mor Mon Cross-section at mid-span Mon Byaluate the following quantities @ Kern levels i (b) Cracking moment (©) Location of pressure line at mid-span at transfer and at service, abi (@ The stresses at the top and bottom fibres at transfer and at service. TES MASTER ‘ice FR, Ratwara Sorat, New Dest-TH00T6 Tha MASTER Website: www iesmaster rg anal es masters [Link]| | eseaterau Phone: O11-41013406, 7808813406, 9711863908380 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Compare the stresses with the following allowable stresses at transfer and at serviee. For compression, Fo 18.0 Nim? For tension, fu, = 1.5 Nimm?. Sol. Calculation of geometrie properties "The section is divided into three rectangles for the computation of the geometric properties. The centroid ofeach rectangle is located from the soffit. Area oftthe section ‘Area of 1 = A, =500% 200 100000 mm? Area of 2 a ‘Values in mm, Area of 8 A=A\+4,+A, = 240,000 mm? Location of CGC from the soffit 900 * A, 500% A, +100 = ARON TOY = 589.3mm ‘Therefore 3) = 583.3 mm 3, = 1000.0 583.3 = 416.7 mm Eccentricity of CGS at mid-span ¢ = ¥-150 =583.3-150 = 433.3 mm Moment of inertia of 1 about axis through CGC = fox s00.200' +, 000-593.9° = 1.008 30! mt ‘Moment of inertia of 2 about axis through CGC 1 150600" +A, x (58) Ty = 757 150% 000 + A, ( ‘Moment of inertia of 3 about axis through CGC ii 250% 200? + A, » (683.3100)? = 1.184 «10! mmé ‘Moment of inertia of the section T=hthth (1,036 +0.332+ 1.184)x10" = 2,552 x10! mmé Square of the radius of gyration a FA Rava at Ree Dee Ba MASIER ebsie weienarrar tea snare son ate Phone ost ei 7 ciency. nonin aslCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 381 1 2.50210" | jee ps GR 1.06810" mm! () Korn levels ofthe section 00310° eae OO a i 583.3 F _ 1.063108 EO one yc caterer ae Calculation of moment due to self weight (Mp). Values in mm. Mil. - BIIBS! | 205.9 m (©) Calculation of cracking moment Mp, = Modulus of rupture /,, = 0.7), =0.7 /30 = 3.83 kNimm* gett BL pe 52x10" | 0.85x1600% 10° x 2,552 10" 240 «10° <583.3 + 0.85 x 1600 x10? x 433.3 Nmm (167.6 + 247.9 + 589,28) kN 1004.78 kNm Live load moment corresponding to cracking Myyq. = 970.1 ~ 233.3 = 771.48 kNm Since the given live load moment (648.0 kNm) is leas than the above value, the section is uncracked => The moment of inertia of the gross section can be used for computation of stresses. (©) Caleulation of location ofpressure line at mid-span At transfer 288.8108 1600 45.8-438,3 =~ 287.5 mm 145.8 mm Since ¢, is negative, the pressure line is below CG of concrete Since the magnitude of, is greater than k,, there is tension at the top. At service cae ar. ae ic cas = (233.3 +648. 0) x10" 85 «1600. ‘Otfces 7-125, Katwaria Sera, New DelbT-T10 016 By LES MASIER eben lemunter org alias hon cola nee” Phone: 01141013406, 7658815106, 9711853908382 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Bison 2 e = 648.0 - 133.3 2147 mm 4 Since e, is positive, the pressure line is above OG of conerete Since the magnitude of e, is greater than k, there is tension at the bottom pressure line {Kern zone (a) Calewlation of stresses ‘The stress is given as follows. “PIA Pepi Resultant stress profile Caleulation of stresses at transfer (P = P,) p, 60010" A, 1600210" | _ 6.67 Nimm* aaa ee Stress at the top fibre Bey, _ 160010" 453.8116 1) 59 Nine 1 2.55210 Mp, _ _ 289.810 x416.7 : as, 250 SABE 1 Nia T 2.55210" a 67 + 11.82~3.81 = 0.84 Nimm? Stress at the bottom fibre Ben _ _1600 x10" x433,3*583.3 x Be i a 2.52210" pes Nie M x10" 5 a Moy %p — 283.3010" ©5853 _ 5.58 Ninm* 1 2.52210 fry = 6.67 -15.85 + 5.3 =- 17.19 Nimm? Caleulation of stresses at service (P = P,) P, 0.85 = —567 Nim? ake Stress at the top fibre ‘ie FN, Kata cow Dalat T10 016 Website; ww esmasterorg, Romail es_mastertyahoocoin Phone: 01-H1019406, 7638613406, 9711858008 aneCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 383 Bey, AE = 0.85 « 11.82=9.62 648.0 «10° = 416. 2.55210" 5.67 + 9.62 — 8.81 — 10.58 = —10.44 Nimm? = -10.58 Nimm* Stress at the bottom fibre Fe, Sh = 089 16.85 =-18.47 Nim My _ 649.0x10' «583.3 My, 648.0109 583.3 14 55 Nin? 1 2.52210" ee 4 5.67 13,47 + 5.33 + 14.81 = 1.0 Nmm? “The stress profiles are shown. ost dos ‘The allowable stresses are as follows For compression, fos comp 2 ~ 18.0 Nimm? Numeric value’ For tesion, Fosone = 1:5 Nim? in Nim ‘Thus, the stresses are within the allowable limits 119 io at traster: At service oe A rectangular prestressed beam 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep is used over an effective span of 10m, The cable with zero eccentricity at the supports, and linearly varying to 50 mm at the centre, carries an effective prestressing force of 500 kN. Find the magnitude of the concentrated load @ located at the centre of the span for the following conditions at the centre of span section: (@) if the load counteracts the bending effect of the prestressing force (neglecting self-weight of beam), and @) if the pressure line passes through the upper kern of the section under the action of the external load] self-weight and prestress. A = (150 300) = 45 x10% mm? (22230) anya mnt \ Selfweightofbeam, g = (0.15% 0.3%24) = 1.08kNim P= 500KN;e= 50mm Ifthe inclination of the cable to the horizontal is 8, and Q the load balancing, voncentrated load at the centre of the span, for oo Sx1000 |) ~108N (b) Moment due to self-weight = (0.125 «1.08 x 10%) = 13.5 kN-an 13.5x10° Stress due to selfweight = (2235) +6 Nimm’ TES MASTER Rew bao email ies master'[Link]|33 384 RCC CIVIL_ ENGINEERING | P__ Pe) [500x10'| [ 50010" «50 Stress due to prestressing = |G *% |= | apxio™ || 225.10" Stress at the bottom fibre = 22,22 Nimm? 1£@=concentrated load at the centre of the span, moment at the centre of the span = (Qx10/4= 25Q (2.5.Q)10" Bending stress = |“p5pqq° | Nimm? ‘fthe pressure line passes through the upper kern at the section, stress at the bottom fibre =0. Thus 25Q%x10°] 5 = BeOeM |g = po.a2 (eae Q = 14.60kN e EFFECT OF LOADING ON STRESS IN TENDOI ’ consider a prestressed beam of span L. provided with a tendon at an eccentricity ‘e + IfP be the prestressing foree, beam is subjected to hogging bending moment Pe. The beam will therefore _ deflect and slope at each end due to this deflection is ® as shown in Fig. (b) ~ Nina he z ) Deflected shaye due to @ (pre stressing force) 1 | + Tinow, the beam is subjected to a downward external load, there will be deflection and hence there will : again be a slope at each end. Let the slope atends be ®, as shown in fig. (c) ~ re art) ‘ a ce Bs (@ Dentected shapeduete moment M (2) Nev slope ay Ay . (external loading) : ‘Now slope of beam due to prestressing moment (Pe) z Pe Pe ie Change Slope (20,) = area of > diagram EI [a 1 5 Peb_Peb BL 2 QT Slope of beam due to moment M (external loading w) a = Note Paez wit = ET 4 ARSE FTG Kaas Sa Now De = LES MASTER Teter ieamnsten org Fis manteryahoo coin Suara Phones 01-01 0g, 8685406, 971CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 385 3t wh _ Pel E Net slope 1 = BanT BEE it 0, > 6,, There will be net elongation of steel reinforcement * Net elongation of steel reinforcement due to 6 slopes = e0 + 8 = 2e0 2b > ‘Strain change L > Stress change = Ee) in te > Change in force = EA, lo L ar A, © area of steel tendon In this case x we Pel . = 2 WE . ee Be] 20 ange in stress in steel = 2x x Change stress, steel L a 5 |, BA, = Change in ie = (el) Ha aor A prestresed concrete beam of size 300 x 400 mm is prestressed by steel tendons of area 100 mm= P, = 1200N/mm? (initial stress in tendon) Findout % increase of stress due to LL of 8 KN/m over a span of 6 m E> 210 kN/mm? E, = 80 kN/mm? = 60mm Sol. Dead load = 0.3 x 0.4% 25=3 kNim LL =8 KNim ‘Total load = 11 KNim Slope due to prestressing moment Pel 120x105 x 60 x 6000 LE ory Sea ggpl css 68% Wd wadian 2x30»(300% ) 10° 2 wht 11x(6000)" F %* gap] 7 ORK 10 radian ©" 243010" x 300% 2 = 0, = 2.062 x 10% — 4.5 x 104 6125 x 107 radian. elongation = 2 e6 = 2 x 60 x 1.6125 x 10° = 0.1935 mm ec F198 Ratwara Sal New DaT-T LES MASTER Whole orremameae Peabeaee aocai Ey Phone ot rinbio,ns 06 a7 ese386 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 85 2 935, 2 z in of stress is steel oe = OXE, 210x109 = 6.7 Nimm* Gain of stress is steel due to elongation =~ *F. = “E999 N = £27 x 100 =0.56% ent % increase = 7355 % eee! 'A prestressed concrete beam of span 6 m has a width of 250 mm anda depth of 300 m. the initial sirees sw the tendons located at a constant eccentricity of 30 mm is 1000 N/mm®. The sectional area of the vindons ip 100 mm. Find the percentage increase in stress in the wires when the beam supports a live ond oF KN/m, Unit weight of concrete is 24 RN/m®. Modulus of elasticity of steel is 210 RN/mm* ‘and modulus of elasticity for concrete is 36 RN/mm?. ' ol: D.L. of the beam = 0.15 * 0.0 x 24 = 1.08 kNim LL, = 5 kNim ‘Total load = 5 + 1.08 = 6.08 kNim , 3 Pel, 100506000 Rotation due to prestress © = 3677 ~ gxggua.s7x10® ~ 00123 radians 150mm Whe BEL 24x36~3.375«10° (00450 — 0.00123 = 0.00327 radian % 50 x 0.00327 = 0.327 mm 0327 “6000 Rotation due to loads 8 0.00490 radian Net rotation Elongation of the cable Increase in stress x 24 x 10° = 1.445% Nimm? 11.445 7100 = 1.1445% «, Pereentage increase in stress ice F6,Ratwavia Sarat New Dei 110 016 Website: pve desiaatororg, Email is mastertyahoocainCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 387 ES OMe te some ee eS, Design of prestressed concrete section means determination of size, prestressing force and eccentricity for a given loading and permissible stress condition, Let the permissible stress in tension be ‘f; and permissible stress in compression be ‘f,. The dead load moment at mid span be M, and the live load moment at mid span be M,, Pre-stressing force = P Section modulus for top be'Z, and section modulus for bottom be Z, Hence at transfer stage . . b P_Pe_M, é [E-B+M| Sh @ At bottom there is a chance of max compression comming He) f ‘i M < ii * » Mi 0 At top: There is a chance of max compression © \P_nPe M, | M, Hence aP _nPe My My] < ii | A 4 4 2) f & At botom: There is a chance of tension comming Hence ~[nP nPe Me Mi |e 5 oo Giv) A 4, ty & Where (nP) is the prestressing left at service stage For example if 20% loss has occured, n = 0.8 From » (i) + Gi), we have .(v) Fro: the pees aces rte aT TS] a87 388 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING amb _nPe , My , Mu < ¢ i Aw 2B MAM. cae yg vad 72 Ma) EE wi ‘Thus from (v) and (v) we can find the section modulus for Top and bottom Ifthe Z-value for the top and bottom are same then as _ fem > onf +f — = wi, -f) <= ff > nea hence denominator of (vi) will be smaller leading to large valye of Z thus we should adopt M, G-+M, : i My G=)+ M, ; mith sip Minimum prestressing force and eccentricity @ Minimum prestressing force is calculated from @ Top stress at transfer (I) (i) Bottom stress at service load conditions (7) ii) ®. Gv) iv) 4, =) From (4). (+ Gvywe have <0? 2, Pe _ mM Az 2 ibn Pe 0) ‘From this minimum prestressing force can be calculated. Corresponding to this minimum prestressing force the eccentricity will be calculated from n(i)~ iv) —= | we LES MASTER Tesi wo ieamsterorg fait maseé[Link] Phone ostrave, sston, 971183008I CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 389 maP ,nPe _ nM, AY, ‘Thus finally without remembering these formula one should simply write equation (i) to (iv) and just by remembering that . {@) Z should be caleulated to be the max obtained from both top stresses (at transfer andat service stage) ()) P and [Link] calculated from top stress at transfer and bottom stress under service load (which are critical) Once we know Z, P and e, the prestress heam section becomes designed We can also check finally whether the max compressive stress‘is exceeding the permissible value or not. ‘This can be done from eq (ii) and (iv) A post tensioned prestressed beam of rectangular section of 240 mm wide is to be designed for a live load of 25 kN/m uniformly distributed on an effective span of 12m Stress in concrete must not exceed 17 MPa in compression a 1.4 MPa in tension at any time and the loss of prestress should be assumed as 15%. (@) Calculate the minimum possible depth of beam ©) For the section, designed above, calculate the minimum prestressing force and the corresponding eccentricity. Sol. Live load = 25 kNim 12m t Stress in concrete must not exceed 17 MPa in compression & 1.4 MPa in tension 80, At Transfer: At Top TES MASTER ewer aue Phone: 01141615106, SH8815406, 8711853908.Rae 390 RCC At Bottom At Service Load: At Bottom At Top From (i) + (iv) From m(ii) + (iii) Now, FromA ak ,APe_ My Ae Pe My (@.=n) +My Z Le ne nPe_ nM, ee = ake Ma Ma M,(L=n)+ My Z ons Ma Mt < 17 A 2 < L4xn . ¢ (7 Han) Mylt=nl=M, a W=14an s lin s14 < (17m+14) MyQ.=n)* My a Td = (3p.20)*%= (021.24) =s.76p" = 103.68 (Unit wt. of Concrete = 24 KNim’ 2 = BBP = s50kNim = 103.68 D kNm, D isin meter = 450kNm we TES MASTER “OATee F106, Ratwaria Sarai New Dent THU016 Website we iesmasterorg, Eval ies [Link] Phone: 01111013406, 838815406, 971850005391 392 CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses Mj (1-1) +M | We ins 14 Malic nM ACs An ae ce > Ma(l=n)+ My «10% i7+14n ce 0.24 D? _ [103.68 D <0.15 + 450]x10* ee 7 +1Ax0.85 eo 0.7276 D* > [15.552 D + 450] «10 > 7276D2 15.852 ~450 > 0 p at 15.5224 5.552) +4x40x727.6 2127.6 D> 0797m FromB . i (103.68 Dx 0.15 + 450) «107 17x0.854 1.4 634 D®— 15.552 D450 > 0 p » 155524 V(15.552) + 4x 450x634 = D = 0.855 m Adopt = 860mm |Min Prestressing is calculated from. (1) Top Stress at transfer (2) Bottom stress at Service Condition = ald @) = < idm (B)] sian =2nP Mi(d—n) |My < E Z + ¥ 1L4A(1+n) pe 1a(1¢)- Malan) _Mh Mj(1-n)+My | A By [ 14G+n)|3, ye Le3 MASTER eee eee394 392 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ta} (p)} Pe His cH e015 38 240860 e 24) (0.86) ) 240.85 6 P > 1587.216kN From «& fs = 14n atid ane (en) Mt-Me = ayaa © ‘ Sake _ (en)Ma My gq-1) Vz = [Oem sa wh uP [G1.s5)*103.68D £450)10" | yy i 3 | 240%(360)" 240(860)" 6 x[2x 0.85] *1587.216 10" 6 500 Tuo : A ao 300 a0" Live load is 11000 N/m and the span is 6 m. The stress in concrete is not to exceed 15 N/mm? anc ON /mm? in compression & tension respectively at any stage. Assuming losses at services stage = 20% Find the value of prestressing froce (P) and eccentricity (e). Bol. CG of the section is at a distance x from Top <= _ 500%120 «60 +120%300%270 195 csram a X = ~~ 500%120+300%120 : ‘Area 0.096 m? TES MASTER TEE Kawai Sarat New Date TT OTE yy S Webnit: re esmasterorg, email es masteréyahoo coin escurepe Phones 01-41010406, 7638615106, 711853008CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 393 38. ees (500. 18.7) = 26125 ‘ ‘At Transfer Stress at Top xo <0 a = Z « : : “ Kiectan PP Mi cp ay A Bro Boor At Service Stage Stress at top é mP_nPe, My , Mi ue ies, Ma ME ag ii) A on Lay Loup ‘Stress at bottom: pate tee OM Mie Ka lr Zul =? Hi) 1 = 120(300-18.75)" , 120(18.75)" , 5000.20)" 3 4500 x120(60 418.75)" = 1334.25 10mm! L mm? = =9.62«10°mm Zp = 138.75, 1 Hie 4% 2, = ——_—__—__ = 4.74 «10° ¢ new OF (420-=198:78) ee Dead load = (0.5x0.12+0.3%0. 1224S 2.304 SN m m My = “ 25046)" 10.368 kNm 10.368 M6. x11 =49.5kNm Mu = yo00 1 Calculating of prestressing force & eccentricity will be done from (i) & (iv) ives v from 17°40) we have to sélve for P i ays BMhe_ My. 9 Pek TES MASTER ‘Office F138, Ratwara Sarai New Dest 110018 eo Website: wweamasterong nal es [Link] wy acer Phones 1141013806, 58815406, 97118508