Verb (+ adverb/preposition) + -ing form When we use two verbs together, the second verb is often in the -ing form. After verbs with adverbs/ prepositions (e.g. give up, think of), the second verb is always in the -ing form. More on verb + preposition > Units 89, 90 and 91 "These verts can also be followed by an infinitive, sometimes with a cference in meaning (> Unit 67). In the verb look forward to, to is a preposition, so we use an -ing form: Finvtooking-forward-to-see-yowragain: / I'm looking forward to seeing you again. se ‘The -ing form sometimes needs to be © negative: I hate not getting to a station or airport on time. ‘© perfect (for an earlier action): Joe admitted having sent the wrong email. (= that he had sent) © passive: Don't ring after 10.30 - I hate being woken up by the phone! The -ing form as subject, and as object The -ing form can be # the subject of a sentence: Swimming is a good all-round exercise. Living in the city is more exciting than living in the country. @ the object: My job involves listening to music. (object of involves) Thate being woken up by the phone! (object of hate) go + -ing form; do the/some + -ing form ‘We sometimes use go + -ing form to talk about doing sports and other activities: The boys often go fishing at the weekend. I go shopping - it’s the best way to relax! \ We usually use go + -ing form where there is a verb for the activity: I sail -* I go sailing. Where the activity is a game, or does not have a verb form, we use play or do: [play football. 7 I do karate. ‘We use do + the/some with -ing forms to talk about work in the home: Have you done the ironing? We'd better do some cleaning this weekend. Match the pictures with the sentences. Then complete each sentence with a suitable verb in the -ing form. a o O eee dis “83 0 Talking... on a mobile phone in a restaurant really annoys me - it's so rude. Vo cassssssssne 18 Very good exercise for strengthening your arms and legs. 2 We often go . at the weekend - being in the countryside is lovely. 3. There's nothing more relaxing than ............ by the sea, watching the waves... 4 [don’t mind as long as it’s in front of the TV!Verb + infinitive without to We use the infinitive without to after modal verbs (e.g, can, will We can use the swimming pool after 8.00 a.m. We'll send you an entry form in the post. After the verb itelp we can use the infinitive with or without to. There is no change in meaning: Till help pack your rucksack. We helped to tidy up after the party. make and let + infinitive without to > Unit 66.3, Verb + infinitive with to * These verbs can also be followed by an «ing form, sometimes with a cfference in meaning O» Unit 67). Ag Complete the sentences using the -ing form of the verbs in brackets. You will need to use the perfect or passive form for some of them. {EKHE Listen and check. 0 Did your secretary mention having sent (have sent) the package to me? 1. We're really looking forward t0 ........nsee0.» (ave) two weeks off work in the summer. 2 Idon’t mind . (not watch) Sportsnight if you want to see that film on Film 4. (spend) too much time on their own often makes people depressed. 4 Tcan't imagine .. (be offered) a job like that. 5. The students admitted (have copied) their essays from the Internet. 6 Thate ... . (work) here. I can’t stand .. .~- (be told) what to do all the time. Verb (+ object) + infinitive with to > Unit 66 The infinitive sometimes needs to be © negative: She appears not to worry about her weight. (NOT te-net-worry) © continuous: I expect to be earning a lot of money when I’m forty! (a continuous action) @ perfect: We plan to have finished all of the decorating by July. (an action that will be completed in the future) © passive: Jack drives over the speed limit all the time — he deserves to be caught.would like, etc. We use the infinitive with to after would (‘d) + like/love/hate/prefer: I'd really like to learn a new skill ~ perhaps we could go sailing? Jackie would prefer not to go out this evening as she’s really tired. ‘We can use the -ing form after like, love, hate and prefer without would ('d) ( Unit 67.1). Compare: I'd love to go mountain climbing. (in the future) I love going mountain climbing. (= | enjoy the activity.) I'd prefer to stay in tonight, (on this occasion) | prefer eating at home to eating in restaurants. (in general) would rather + infinitive without to After would rather we can use the infinitive without fo. We only use this if the subject of would rather and the second verb is the same: ae ‘subject We'd rather We! went by plane. = We'd rather go by plane. Read the text and find eight more places where the word to is missing. OKA ietarand checks Da Exbntne Grove Lickers Have you ever wanted/‘try a really different, adventurous holiday? Would you love go parasailing or rock climbing, potholing or Why not try an Avison sports holiday? equipment necessary and expert traning in the chosen This is how it works: you tell us what you can and ‘sports. We help you ‘carit do, and what you'd lke be able todo. We assess intensity ofthe training. You a |Your abilties and offer teach you at least two diferent safe environment, withthe minimum __ &xtreme sports in one week. If you choose acceptour Your promise to us: you promise not overestimate your | offer, we decide on a date and then arrange collect you _abjities —_we can anly work with what is already there! __ fom the nearest station or port. i ers _ Somme ameomeco ee bay comet Verb (+ object) + infinitive with to With some verbs it is possible to put an object between the first verb and the infinitive: ask beg dere expect help intend mean need require want wish would like/love/hate/prefer Sami wants to find a better job. ‘Sami wants his son/him to find a better job. I didn’t intend to spend so much money. I didn’t intend Laralher to spend so much money. We don’t use a that clause after these verbs: X We begged Antonia that she didn't go-outalone. J We begged Antonia not to go out alone. We can use the infinitive with or without fo after help: Tl help you carry those bags. / I'll help you to carry those bags. (> Unit 65.1)Verb + object + infinitive with to With other verbs we ALWAYS put an object between the first verb and the infinitive: advise allow cause encourage forbid force invite permit persuade recommend remind teach tell order warn Mrs Grant is teaching Justin to play the piano, We always encourage the students to plan their revision. Can you remind me to set the alarm for 6.30 when we go to bed? To make the infinitive verb negative we put not BEFORE to: X Fhe police persuaded -the-gunman-tonot-sheot. The police persuaded the gunman not to shoot. Some verbs (advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend) can also be followed by an -ing form as an object (> Unit 64.2): The management does not allow staff to smoke. BUT The management does not allow smoking. We recommend students to use a good dictionary. BUT We recommend using a good dictionary. make and let ‘The verbs make and let always have an object, and are followed by the infinitive without to: Mrs Grant makes Justin practise every day. (= forces him to) Our manager lets us work from home once or twice a week. (= allows us to) ‘The soldiers made the prisoners walk SO kilometres. But in the passive, we use fo before the infinitive. For let, we use allowed to (> Unit 52.23): The prisoners were made to walk 50 kilometres before they were allowed to sleep. X... thay-weron-tlat-te-steap, / They weren't allowed to sleep. Write sentences about the pictures, using the words below. aee © she/ encourage / jump She, encouraged, the, horse t2 jump. the. fence. 1 she / teach / play 2 they / let / sleep 3 he/ help / carry 4 he / warn / not skate Infinitive or -ing form with similar meanings After the verbs begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer and start, we can use an infinitive or an -ing form with little difference in meaning: Oh no! It’s just started to rain. / Oh no! It’s just started raining. Notice this small difference in British English with like: We like inviting friends to dinner at the weekend. (< We enjoy this) (al sfonsaledaaty I like to save a little bit of money every another ten songs to practise! month, (= It's a good habit and I choose to do it.)Infinitive or -ing form with different meanings forget! remember fil never first bike. sleyreber hers to swim? goon continue an activity: es eer iking. regret feel sorry about something you did’ didn’t do: / not. harder at one stop finish an action: Have you stopped practising now? try do something as an experiment: Try turning it off and on again. Don’t forget to lock the back door! ‘Did you remember to bring the Cbs? ‘change from one action to another: ‘After a slow start, she went on to win the race, say sorry, particularly in formal letters: Gace k ce ss soaps No, we've just stopped to take a break. attempt to do something difficult: ‘1'm not an electrician, but I'l try to mend it. feel, hear, see, etc. + infinitive or -ing form After sense verbs (e.g. feel, hear, see) we can use © object + infinitive without to © object + -ing form. ‘The meaning is slightly different: We were watching the runway and saw your plane arrive. (= We saw the plane as it came down and landed.) We saw your plane arriving as we parked the car, (= We saw the plane in the sky, but we didn’t see it land.) need, help and can’t help + -ing form ‘The verbs need and help have different meanings, depending on their form: I need to drink some water. (+ infinitive with to = physical necessity) This room needs cleaning. (+ -ing form = someone should clean it) Thelp (to) run the local charity shop. (+ infinitive with to = assist, aid) I couldn't help laughing. (+ -ing form = couldn’t avoid doing it) More on need + -ing form >» Unit 85.4 Choose the correct meaning, A or B. need to > Unit 50 0 The TV presenter finished talking and went on to introduce her guests. A She continued doing one action. (8) She started doing a second action. The cleaner needs paying. A We should pay the cleaner. N B The cleaner should pay us. 1 like to go to the dentist every six months. A Lenjoy doing this. B I choose to do this, to have my teeth checked regularly. 3 I’ve tried so hard to understand this science course, but I just can’t. A I've made a lot of effort. B I've done a lot of experiments. . I won't forget to pay the bills while you're away. A [remember this from my past. B This is something I should do. 5. I saw you rehearsing for the play - you were really good. A I saw the whole of the rehearsal. B 1 saw part of the rehearsal.ALLUNITS Read the text and choose the best answer, A, B, C or D below. OA 1A 2a 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A BA 9A 10A Raku use their pots to have be fired taking work you to do you to design to spend to apply smoke to using ©using D tobe used c Course dates: 19 September - 15 December Course fee: £150.00 Raku isa Japanese method of making pots which dates back to the sixteenth century, and which people have continued (0).....». tothe present day, The pots may appear (I)... cracked ‘ broken, but Raku potters expect (2)... slight imperfections ~ these result from the Raku process: Raku pots need (3) (‘cooked’) at very high temperatures ~ about 100°C, which creates slight cracks. These are then repaired by painting the pots. Of course, with such high temperatures, we must (4)... extreme care in making the pots. Raku is suitable for anyone who enjoys (5)... with their hands ~ ‘we do not expect (6)... any pottery before, as we teach 7) os and create your pots. You can look forward (8) ‘many creative hours on this course, and you will have @ number of beautiful pots to take home at the end. Due to increased demand, we advise (9)... for a place soon. Please note: this college does not allow (10) in any of the dlassrooms or studios. being was D tobe to have their pots C their pots have having their pots being fired C to be fired D are fired to take C take D taken to work C to working D working youtohavedone C youtobedone D you to doing to design you ——C_to designing you D you to designing spend C to spending D spending apply € toapply you —D you to apply to smoke € smoking D to smoking