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Tables
A
B
C
D

NORMAL CURVE TAIL PROBABILITIES

T DISTRIBUTION
CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTION
F DISTRIBUTION

591

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592

Tables
TABLE A: Normal curve tail probabilities. Standard normal probability in right-hand tail (for
negative values of z, probabilities are found by symmetry).

Probability

Second Decimal Place of z

z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

.00
.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
.00135
.000233
.0000317
.00000340
.000000287

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.4960
.4562
.4168
.3783
.3409
.3050
.2709
.2389
.2090
.1814
.1562
.1335
.1131
.0951
.0793
.0655
.0537
.0436
.0352
.0281
.0222
.0174
.0136
.0104
.0080
.0060
.0045
.0034
.0025
.0018

.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372
.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788
.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778
.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274
.0217
.0170
.0132
.0102
.0078
.0059
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0017

.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336
.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762
.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764
.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268
.0212
.0166
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0057
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017

.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300
.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736
.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749
.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262
.0207
.0162
.0125
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0041
.0031
.0023
.0016

.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264
.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711
.1469
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735
.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256
.0202
.0158
.0122
.0094
.0071
.0054
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016

.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228
.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685
.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0722
.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250
.0197
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0052
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015

.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192
.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660
.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708
.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244
.0192
.0150
.0116
.0089
.0068
.0051
.0038
.0028
.0021
.0015

.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156
.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635
.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694
.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239
.0188
.0146
.0113
.0087
.0066
.0049
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014

.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121
.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611
.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681
.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233
.0183
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0064
.0048
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014

Source: R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

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Tables

593

TABLE B: t Distribution Critical Values

Probability

Confidence Level
80%

90%

95%

98%

99%

99.8%

Right-Tail Probability
df

t.100

t.050

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
80
100
q

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.292
1.290
1.282

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.664
1.660
1.645

t.025

t.010

t.005

t.001

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.990
1.984
1.960

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.374
2.364
2.326

63.656
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.678
2.660
2.639
2.626
2.576

318.289
22.328
10.214
7.173
5.894
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733
3.686
3.646
3.611
3.579
3.552
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385
3.307
3.261
3.232
3.195
3.174
3.091

Source: Table of Percentage Points of the t-Distribution. Computed by Maxine Merrington,

Biometrika, 32 (1941): 300. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika trustees.

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594

Tables
TABLE C: Chi-Squared Distribution Values for Various Right-Tail Probabilities

Probability

x2

Right-Tail Probability
df

0.250

0.100

0.050

0.025

0.010

0.005

0.001

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

1.32
2.77
4.11
5.39
6.63
7.84
9.04
10.22
11.39
12.55
13.70
14.85
15.98
17.12
18.25
19.37
20.49
21.60
22.72
23.83
29.34
34.80
45.62
56.33
66.98
77.58
88.13
98.65
109.1

2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41
34.38
40.26
51.80
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58
107.6
118.5

3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
11.07
12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41
37.65
43.77
55.76
67.50
79.08
90.53
101.8
113.1
124.3

5.02
7.38
9.35
11.14
12.83
14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48
21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49
28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17
40.65
46.98
59.34
71.42
83.30
95.02
106.6
118.1
129.6

6.63
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57
44.31
50.89
63.69
76.15
88.38
100.4
112.3
124.1
135.8

7.88
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75
18.55
20.28
21.96
23.59
25.19
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00
46.93
53.67
66.77
79.49
91.95
104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47
20.52
22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88
29.59
31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70
39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82
45.32
52.62
59.70
73.40
86.66
99.61
112.3
124.8
137.2
149.5

Source: Calculated using StaTable, software from Cytel Software, Cambridge, MA.

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Tables

595

TABLE D: F Distribution

D .05
df1
df2

1 161.4
2 18.51
3 10.13
7.71
4
5
6.61
5.99
6
5.59
7
8
5.32
5.12
9
10
4.96
11
4.84
4.75
12
13
4.67
14
4.60
4.54
15
4.49
16
4.45
17
18
4.41
19
4.38
4.35
20
4.32
21
4.30
22
23
4.28
24
4.26
4.24
25
4.22
26
4.21
27
28
4.20
29
4.18
4.17
30
40
4.08
4.00
60
3.92
120
3.84
q

199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
3.98
3.88
3.80
3.74
3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.38
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
2.99

215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.37

230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
3.20
3.11
3.02
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.54
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.44
2.43
2.42
2.34
2.25
2.17
2.09

238.9
19.37
8.84
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.38
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

12
243.9
19.41
8.74
5.91
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75

24
249.0
19.45
8.64
5.77
4.53
3.84
3.41
3.12
2.90
2.74
2.61
2.50
2.42
2.35
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.52

q
254.3
19.50
8.53
5.63
4.36
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

Source: From Table V of R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural
and Medical Research, published by Longman Group Ltd., London, 1974. (Previously published by
Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.) Reprinted by permission of the authors and publishers.

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596

Tables
TABLE D: (continued)

D .01
df1
df2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
q

1
4052
98.49
34.12
21.20
16.26
13.74
12.25
11.26
10.56
10.04
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68
8.53
8.40
8.28
8.18
8.10
8.02
7.94
7.88
7.82
7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.64

2
4999
99.01
30.81
18.00
13.27
10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56
7.20
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.60

3
5403
99.17
29.46
16.69
12.06
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42
5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

4
5625
99.25
28.71
15.98
11.39
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99
5.67
5.41
5.20
5.03
4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

5
5764
99.30
28.24
15.52
10.97
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.86
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

6
5859
99.33
27.91
15.21
10.67
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87
3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

8
5981
99.36
27.49
14.80
10.27
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32
3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

12

24

6106
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67
3.55
3.45
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18

6234
99.46
26.60
13.93
9.47
7.31
6.07
5.28
4.73
4.33
4.02
3.78
3.59
3.43
3.29
3.18
3.08
3.00
2.92
2.86
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58
2.55
2.52
2.49
2.47
2.29
2.12
1.95
1.79

q
6366
99.50
26.12
13.46
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
3.60
3.36
3.16
3.00
2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01
1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00

runall --- 2007/10/15 --- 13:48 --- page 597 --- #7

Tables

597

TABLE D: (continued)

D .001
df1
df2

12

24

1 405284 500000 540379 562500 576405 585937 598144 610667 623497 636619
2 998.5
999.0
999.2
999.2
999.3
999.3
999.4
999.4
999.5
999.5
148.5
141.1
137.1
134.6
132.8
130.6
128.3
125.9
123.5
3 167.5
4 74.14
61.25
56.18
53.44
51.71
50.53
49.00
47.41
45.77
44.05
5 47.04
36.61
33.20
31.09
29.75
28.84
27.64
26.42
25.14
23.78
27.00
23.70
21.90
20.81
20.03
19.03
17.99
16.89
15.75
6 35.51
7 29.22
21.69
18.77
17.19
16.21
15.52
14.63
13.71
12.73
11.69
18.49
15.83
14.39
13.49
12.86
12.04
11.19
10.30
9.34
8 25.42
9 22.86
16.39
13.90
12.56
11.71
11.13
10.37
9.57
8.72
7.81
10 21.04
14.91
12.55
11.28
10.48
9.92
9.20
8.45
7.64
6.76
13.81
11.56
10.35
9.58
9.05
8.35
7.63
6.85
6.00
11 19.69
12 18.64
12.97
10.80
9.63
8.89
8.38
7.71
7.00
6.25
5.42
12.31
10.21
9.07
8.35
7.86
7.21
6.52
5.78
4.97
13 17.81
14 17.14
11.78
9.73
8.62
7.92
7.43
6.80
6.13
5.41
4.60
15 16.59
11.34
9.34
8.25
7.57
7.09
6.47
5.81
5.10
4.31
10.97
9.00
7.94
7.27
6.81
6.19
5.55
4.85
4.06
16 16.12
17 15.72
10.66
8.73
7.68
7.02
6.56
5.96
5.32
4.63
3.85
10.39
8.49
7.46
6.81
6.35
5.76
5.13
4.45
3.67
18 15.38
19 15.08
10.16
8.28
7.26
6.61
6.18
5.59
4.97
4.29
3.52
20 14.82
9.95
8.10
7.10
6.46
6.02
5.44
4.82
4.15
3.38
9.77
7.94
6.95
6.32
5.88
5.31
4.70
4.03
3.26
21 14.59
22 14.38
9.61
7.80
6.81
6.19
5.76
5.19
4.58
3.92
3.15
9.47
7.67
6.69
6.08
5.65
5.09
4.48
3.82
3.05
23 14.19
24 14.03
9.34
7.55
6.59
5.98
5.55
4.99
4.39
3.74
2.97
25 13.88
9.22
7.45
6.49
5.88
5.46
4.91
4.31
3.66
2.89
9.12
7.36
6.41
5.80
5.38
4.83
4.24
3.59
2.82
26 13.74
27 13.61
9.02
7.27
6.33
5.73
5.31
4.76
4.17
3.52
2.75
28 13.50
8.93
7.19
6.25
5.66
5.24
4.69
4.11
3.46
2.70
8.85
7.12
6.19
5.59
5.18
4.64
4.05
3.41
2.64
29 13.39
30 13.29
8.77
7.05
6.12
5.53
5.12
4.58
4.00
3.36
2.59
8.25
6.60
5.70
5.13
4.73
4.21
3.64
3.01
2.23
40 12.61
7.76
6.17
5.31
4.76
4.37
3.87
3.31
2.69
1.90
60 11.97
7.31
5.79
4.95
4.42
4.04
3.55
3.02
2.40
1.56
120 11.38
q
10.83
6.91
5.42
4.62
4.10
3.74
3.27
2.74
2.13
1.00

runall --- 2007/10/15 --- 13:48 --- page 598 --- #8