NATURAL NUMBER 12s 3 R40 O.. All counting numbers that start with 1 and increase by 1 each time. Used to count objects. Set of natural numbers is denoted by N = {1, 2, 3, 4,...}. WHOLE NUMBER OF 25 SA Ose 0 All natural numbers along with 0 are called whole numbers. They do not include any fraction or decimal. Set of whole numbers is denoted by W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..}. RATIONAL NUMBER 3 4, b#0 7 A number that can be written in the form | of ©, where a and b are integers and b #0. The decimal representation either terminates or repeats. Set is denoted by Q. PRIME NUMBER 2,3, 5,/7, 11, 13, .= wy ‘A natural number greater than 1 that has | exactly two positive divisors: 1 and itself. Prime numbers form the building blocks of all natural numbers. COMPOSITE NUMBER 4,6, 8,9, 10, 12, B A natural number greater than 1 that has more than two positive divisors. Composite numbers can be expressed as a product of prime numbers. CO-PRIME NUMBER (8, 15), (9, 10), (7, 25) Two numbers are co-prime if their HCF (GCD) is 1. Their prime factors have no common factor other than 1. TWIN PRIME NUMBER (3,5), (5, 7), (11, 13), yi? (17, 19), ... A pair of prime numbers that differ by 2. For example (3,5), (5,7). Not all primes have a twin prime. PERCENTAGE (%) % x% = (zhq) * Whole |_ It is used to compare quantities. Percentage means ‘per hundred’. It isa ratio or fraction with denominator 100. ~ SELLING PRICE (SP) SP = Amount for which a good is sold. COST PRICE (CP) (8) CP = Amount spent to buy or produce. The price at which a product or service is sold to the customer. It may be higher or lower than the cost price. The original price paid to buy a product or the total cost of producing it. It is th basis for ealeulating profit or loss. ; \ = SG { = CStrong Basics = Strong Future) — * GSEgDISCOUNT Discount is the reduction in the H price of a product from its Example: Marked Price. | MP = 21000, Discount = 7200 SP = %1000 - $200 = %800 MARKED PRICE (MP) The price written or printed on a product is called Marked Price. SUCCESSIVE DISCOUNT Example: When two or more discounts are given | First 20% discount one after another, itis called Then 10% discount Successive Discount. GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) GST is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India. SALES TAX Example: Sales Tax is a tax levied on the sale = If a product is sold for 71000 of goods. It was widely used before and Sales Tax is 10%, the introduction of GST. Tax = $100 VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) VAT is a tax levied on the value added at each stage of production ‘and distribution of goods. SIMPLE INTEREST (SI) Principal (amount) ‘When interest is calculated only on Rate of Interest (per annum) the principal amount for a given Time (in years) time period, it is called Simple Interest. COMPOUND INTEREST (Cl) ‘Amount (Total) ‘When interest is calculated on the Principal (amount) principal amount as well as on the Rate of Interest (per annum) accumulated interest, itis called = Time (in years) Example: Each separate part of an algebraic | In 4x* + Sy-7,, expression is called a term. the terms are 4x2, Sy and ~7. COEFFICIENT RESTO ‘The numerical factor (number) in 7x, the coefficient Is 7 ‘any variable) is also multiplied with a variable in a term | In —3y, the coefficient is -3. considered & term and is called the coefficient. In Sab, the coefficient is 5. its coefficient is itself. In -9, the coefficient is -9.TERM Example: Each separate part of an algebraic In 4x? + Sy -7, expression, separated by + or ~ the terms are + sign, is called a term. 4x?, Sy and -7. UNLIKE TERMS Example: Terms having different variable 3x, 5y, 7x2, 9 eee. | parts or different powers of the are unlike terms. | (Different variable parts | same variable are called unlike terms. \ or different powers) POLYNOMIAL Example: An algebraic expression consisting of -— | 24? 4 3x +5, 4y-7, ‘one or more terms (constants, variables | 3 2 cand exponents which are whole numbers) |X + 2x°—x +2 separated by + or ~ sign is called a are polynomials. * | polynomial ik me Only one term in) \_. the expression. = ae MONOMIAL { Example: A polynomial having only one term | 5x, ~3y’, 7, 9a> is called a monomial. are monomial = E BINOMIAL | A polynomial having exactly two terms is called a binomial Example: 3x +5, 22-7, ab are binomials. TRINOMIAL ae a A polynomial having exactly three ae terms is called a trinomial. p? + 4-6 are trinomials. DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL The highest power of the variable present in a polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial. Example: In Sx* + 3x?- 7x41, | ( 5x | highest power is 4. ~ LINEAR POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 1 is called 3x42, Sy-7, at] @ linear polynomial, are linear polynomials, QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL ey (General form) ‘A polynomial of degree 2 is called Bee 6 ( ax? ‘a quadratic polynomial. 4y? +7 ore quadratic polynomials. Example: 4+ BP x45, 3y?- Ty +1 are { cable polynomials. CUBIC POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 3 is called ‘@ cubic polynomialINTEGER Integers are whole numbers and their negatives. They do not have any fractional or decimal part. FRACTION A fraction represents a part of a whole, It has two parts: numerator (top) and denominator (bottom). REAL NUMBERS Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers. They correspond to points on the number line IMAGINARY NUMBERS Imaginary numbers are numbers that can be written in the form bi, where b is a real number and i = V=1. EVEN NUMBERS Even numbers are divisible by 2 without leaving a remainder. ODD NUMBERS Odd numbers are not divisible by 2. They leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. SQUARES The square of a number is the result when that number is multiplied by itself. PERFECT SQUARES Perfect squares are squares of natural numbers. They are whale numbers CUBES ‘The cube of a number is the result when the number is multiplied by itself three times. PERFECT CUBES Perfect cubes are cubes of natural numbers. ‘They are whole numbers. Examples: weed 0 1 28. Integers include negative, zero and positive whole numbers. 1,.0,1, 2, 3, Examples: : (Three over four) ‘4 Denominator Examples: 5,0, 2,35, 5, V2 Example: 3i, -5i, Zi Imaginary numbers have Examples: 2, 4,6, 8, 10, . All even numbers are multiples of 2. All odd numbers are not multiples of 2 ak Fag 5225 42,207.32 42.57, 6%. All are perfect squares. Examples: 1, 4,9, 16, 25, 36, .. Pel P=8 P=27 4=64 Examples: =8, 3-27, 4-64 Examples: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, jFuture! } x *SQUARE ROOT The square root of a number is a number which, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. Example: V2 = 5, because 5? = 25 49 = 7, because 7? = 49 CUBE ROOT The cube root of a number is « number which, when multiplied by itself twice ‘and then by itself once more (3 times), gives the original number. Example: YT = 3, because 3° = 27 YEA = 4, because 4° = 64 PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLET A set of three natural numbers (a,b ¢) that satisfy the equation a? + b? = c? is called a Pythagorean triplet Example: (3,4,5) > +a 25? 9+ 16 = 25 (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17) are ‘also Pythagorean triplets. b PROPER FRACTION Mace, ‘A fraction in which the numerator is 3 crue on be em aed dears. a proper fraction. (bottom) 7 IMPROPER FRACTION [A fraction in which the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator is called an improper fraction. Example: le 92 29 Bua Syne improper fractions. MIXED FRACTION ‘A number which has @ whole number and a proper fraction together is called 1 mixed fraction LIKE FRACTIONS Fractions having the same denominator but different numerators ore called tke factions UNLIKE FRACTIONS Fractions having different denominators ‘are called unlike fractions. UNIT FRACTION A fraction having 1 as the numerator and any natural number as the denominctor is called a unit fraction. ANGLE ‘An angle is formed by two rays having ‘a common end point called the vertex. It is measured in degrees (*). 1 Example: | 3 gt 12 | 2p, SZ. 15 oe an Bl mixed fractions ee oes 1 + Right Angle: = 90° + Obtuse Angle: > 90" ord < 180° + Straight Angle: = 180" + Reflex Angle: > 180° and < 360°EA = MNTH FORMULAS 7, 0 PERCENTAGE Part Wate) 00 tobe (esis whole) Percentage = @ _ protit ano Loss Profit = SP - CP Loss = CP - SP Profit % = (Profit / CP) x 100 Loss % = (Loss / CP) x 100 © SIMPLE INTEREST gs = (PXRXT) 100 Amount = P + SI © sere, vistance, Time Distance d= Spee Time Distance = Speed x Time Time = Distance “Speed u 6 RATIO ano PROPORTION Ratio = a:b Proportion: a:b=ce:d axd=bxc c:d © Accesratc wewtimes (a +b)? = a? + Zab +b? (a - b)? = a? - 2ab +b? a? - b* = (a+b) (a-b) © aver oF TRIANGLE Area = 5 x bxh CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA oF CIRCLE Circumference = 2nr Area = mr? oO PYTHAGORAS THEOREM In a right-angled triangle, a a? +b? = c? @ VOLUME oF CUBOID Volume = ix bxhcot ALGEBRIC FORMULA 7 eas 5 (a - b)? = a? +b? - 2ab [«-»] (a + b)? + (a - b)? = 2(a? + b?) STS (a + b)? - (a - b)* = 4ab a2-b? = (a+b)(a-b) (==) fe) a? +b? = (a +b)? - 2ab (a+6)']-(2ab] a? +b? = (a - b)? + 2ab (a +b)? = a?+b?+3ab(a+b) 7 (ie (a - b)? = a? - b? - 3ab(a - b) '@: a? + b? = (a + b)(a? - ab + b*) [a+b)] [@-ab+69) Beouqgea0ooo0o 0'e@ ¢ MATH FORMULAS “27 @ VOLUME OF CUBE @ SURFACE AREA OF CUBE Total Surface Area = 6a? (a= side of the cube) | (a = side of the cube) OF CYLINDER Curved Surface Area = 2nrh Total Surface Area = 2nr(r +h) Volume = rh (r= radius, h = height) Volume = a3 ® SURFACE AREA OF CUBOID CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl) (L= length, b = breadth, h = height) ® VOLUME OF SPHERE Volume = mr? 3 (r = radius) @ LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE aR eihinre Example: ‘A number of the form z. _ c-b where p and q are integers a neo) and q #0. ® EXPONENT RULES (LAWS) ® PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM wa" xa" = amr In a right-angled triangle, c wa™sa"=a™" (a#0) 2062 eye a * (a™) a™ a a te a? = (a#0) (c = hypotenuse) >—& *: MATH FORMULAS 7Q @ AREA OF SQUARE ai Area = a? where ‘a’ is the side ae al l @ AREA OF RECTANGLE Area = xb where ‘lis length and ‘b’ is breadth © PERIMETER OF SQUARE | ry Perimeter = 4a ee where ‘a’ is the side a © iaconat oF square Diagonal (d) = av2 e where ‘a’ is the side @ AREA OF TRIANGLE A / Area=4xbxh Be vie b and ‘h’ is height ot U e- U | (@ PERIMETER OF TRIANGLE ey c © PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE @ DIAGONAL OF RECTANGLE Perimeter = 2(I + b) where ‘l’ is length and ‘b’ is breadth Diagonal (d) = Vi? + b? where ‘t’ is length and ‘b’ is breadth | Perimeter =a+b+c where a, b and c are the sides (© CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLE Circumference = 2nr where ‘r’ is radius (r= 3.14 or 22/7) r @ AREA OF CIRCLE r Area = rr? where ‘r’ is radius (m= 3.14 or 22/7)> ALGEBRIC FORMULA ¢- @ a® - b® = (a - b)(a? + ab + b?) [c-b))+(@e+ane08) 12) (a+b+c)? =a? +b? +c? + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca (I++? =P +12? +0 + 2(I)(II) + 2(II)(II) + 2(III)(I) Q (-a-bt+c)? =a? +b? +c? + 2ab - 2be - 2ca a? + b? +c? - 3abe = (a +b+c)(a? + b? +c? - ab - be-ca mtn m+n \ a a™xa"=a x J S & EI a™ x b™ = (ab)™ (a™)" = a™*" an)r J a5 =| 3 W 8 3 i = 3) als] =. P| - a a a { 8Divisibility by 1 eon Divisibility by 11 |} Example: Every number is divisible 7, 23, 125, Seriado aeprriy pes tat (191) 2 } pOcee IF the result i O or divisible by 1, 3 7 byt. # then the number is divisible by 11. 0 visible by 11) Divisibility by 2 | eacsapie Divisibility by 12 Lace Arnumber is divisible by 2 | 44 46, 128, Anumber is divisible by 12 yeh ey if its last digit is even eae Rete. (0, 2, 4, 6, 8). : Divisibility by 3 aoe Exarple A umber is divisible by 3 an pore hich ace e) ae = remaining number. Saf antabe ifthe sum ofits digits is 27 (2729) The result sould be dvi by 13. . divisible by 3. (repeat if needed). Divisibility by 4 Bate Divisibility by 14 Example: A number is divisible by 4 24 (24 + 4), ‘A number is divisible by 14 28, 42, 70, if the number formed by its 132 (32 if it is divisible by both she le by 4. 2 and 7. J hei 115) Divisibility by 15 eceis A number is divisible by 5 15, 25, 100, A number is divisible by 15 30, 45, 75, if its last digit is 0 or 5. 235 ete. HG eames yea 105 ete. { 3 and 5. Divisibility by 6 pl | Divisibility by 16 Bronple: ‘A number is divisible by 6 ren ‘A rumber is divisible by 16 fae eee) if it is divisible by both ie {fs ula fora 2064 (2064 + 16) ean [ last four digits is divisible by 16. \ = , visibility by 17 Example: ] Divisibility by 7 isi Dislbtlity try 225 ~ 23 - (5) Double the last digit and 245 + 24 - (235) Multiply the last digit by 5 and 2 (17e(-1)+15) subtract from the remaining = 14 (divisible ‘Subtract froin tee ra repent ~+ 2 - (5x2) umber. The result should be by 7), umber. The rest shoud be PSM 1 divisible by 7 (repeat if needed). divisible by 17 (repeat if needed). (noe divisible) Divisibility by 8 on Divisibility by 18 Example | ‘A number is divisible by 8 eae ie ‘A number is divisible by 18 36, 54, 72, if the number formed by its 512 (512 +8) if itis divisible by both 90 ete. last three digits is divisible by 8. 2and 9. . chee 3 Example Divisibility by Example: Givisibility by S13 87 « (32) A number is divisible by 9 ey Multiply the lst digit by 2 and 23 (age gvisble) if the sum of its digits is ee pd add to the remaining number. § (5u7) 9 12 oat) divisible by 9. The result should be divisble by 19}. (302) = 5 (not) (repeat if needed) Not divisible by 19 | Divi if its last digit is 0. 890 ete. Divisibility by 21 ‘A number is divisible by 21 if itis divisible by both 3 and 7. lity by 10 ool Divi A number is divisible by 10 10, 20, 130, A number is divisible by 20 40, 100, 220, ifits last two digits are 0000 ate, 'y by 20 Example: Example: 42, 63, 84, 105 etc.- MATH - > FORMULAS & TRICKS Ne nc Se QUICK MATHS TRICKS — ~\ 1. Malipy by 11; Add digits (eg. 45 x 11 = 495) 6. Fractions to Percentage: Maatply by 100 2, Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2 7, Percentage to Fraction: 355. (simplify) Square of numbers ending in S: | 8. Fast Square (near 50): (a5)? = a(art)25 | © "(0#a)? = 2500+ 1000 + a? (eg. 35% = 31425 = 1225) (50 - a)? » 2500-1008 + a? 4, Di by 9, Sam of gl hal be ile by 9 | 5. Multiply dy 9: (8x 10) = ! 9. Cube of small numbers: I¥=1, 2-8, 9=27, 4 =64, 5 =125 ° 2 ® e - Sn — esc — — FO 2 1. (a+b)? = 0? + b? + 2ab 1 1. Percentage ® Part 199 £ Ration: b= 2, (a- b) = a? + 6 - 2ab nee ae ge |B lrbla-aat-o || 2 Part = Peete Woe i sabe paula rect Proportion: y ex 4, (ab) = ate b+ 3ab(a+b)| | 3, whole = Part x 106 3 sore ‘ D | 5. (ob) = a? b? ~ 3ab(a- by Parvontage hn , 6. a+b? = (a+ b)la? ~ ab + bY) 4, Increase % = MOE 5 100 | | 4, Inverse Proportion: ye Di b-bd (a bylat + abs bY 5. Decrease x= SAN 5 109 | ##-3 °* “=m EO , © || 1 Werk Tine ete 1, Spend = sent 1 st PRAT . 2. Time = 2. Distance = Speed x Time (P = Principal, R = Rate%, T= Time) shale 3, Time = Dstence Aeon a workin dps, the oo fad Detanoe: || |” Monet then 1 day's work of A= ; : a ae | 3, 1 ate and tine both doubled, 2 5. (A +BY's 1 day work = 44 ee ES TCE pa ‘ST becomes 4 times. ( 6 J then new speed = v(1+ 7B) ) * — mE EXPONENTS & L0¢S | hte Aras ot Oo A. aM x at amt 2. Rectangle: Areas tb 2, 12. Whale Numbers: 0, t, 2 ae se Df 3. Mange: Area bx “Ae Bi Integers: oy -2, hy 0,1, 2, 4. (aby* = at b® eee ‘tatters Sage |g, (BP at 5, Rectangle: Perimeter asap 2 | 8: tat Mates vt 6. lag ab = loge + bagh |b. Gire: Circumference = 2er 6, Real Numbers: Rational U Irrational | 7. jog 2. = loga - log b 2 > > > a fh Gp