APPENDIX | TABLES

TAB LE 1 Exact binomial probabilities Pr(X = k) = pkqn–k

n k .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

2 0 .9025 .8100 .7225 .6400 .5625 .4900 .4225 .3600 .3025 .2500
1 .0950 .1800 .2550 .3200 .3750 .4200 .4550 .4800 .4950 .5000
2 .0025 .0100 .0225 .0400 .0625 .0900 .1225 .1600 .2025 .2500
3 0 .8574 .7290 .6141 .5120 .4219 .3430 .2746 .2160 .1664 .1250
1 .1354 .2430 .3251 .3840 .4219 .4410 .4436 .4320 .4084 .3750
2 .0071 .0270 .0574 .0960 .1406 .1890 .2389 .2880 .3341 .3750
3 .0001 .0010 .0034 .0080 .0156 .0270 .0429 .0640 .0911 .1250
4 0 .8145 .6561 .5220 .4096 .3164 .2401 .1785 .1296 .0915 .0625
1 .1715 .2916 .3685 .4096 .4219 .4116 .3845 .3456 .2995 .2500
2 .0135 .0486 .0975 .1536 .2109 .2646 .3105 .3456 .3675 .3750
3 .0005 .0036 .0115 .0256 .0469 .0756 .1115 .1536 .2005 .2500
4 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0016 .0039 .0081 .0150 .0256 .0410 .0625
5 0 .7738 .5905 .4437 .3277 .2373 .1681 .1160 .0778 .0503 .0313
1 .2036 .3280 .3915 .4096 .3955 .3602 .3124 .2592 .2059 .1563
2 .0214 .0729 .1382 .2048 .2637 .3087 .3364 .3456 .3369 .3125
3 .0011 .0081 .0244 .0512 .0879 .1323 .1811 .2304 .2757 .3125
4 .0000 .0004 .0022 .0064 .0146 .0283 .0488 .0768 .1128 .1563
5 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0024 .0053 .0102 .0185 .0313
6 0 .7351 .5314 .3771 .2621 .1780 .1176 .0754 .0467 .0277 .0156
1 .2321 .3543 .3993 .3932 .3560 .3025 .2437 .1866 .1359 .0938
2 .0305 .0984 .1762 .2458 .2966 .3241 .3280 .3110 .2780 .2344
3 .0021 .0146 .0415 .0819 .1318 .1852 .2355 .2765 .3032 .3125
4 .0001 .0012 .0055 .0154 .0330 .0595 .0951 .1382 .1861 .2344
5 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0015 .0044 .0102 .0205 .0369 .0609 .0938
6 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0007 .0018 .0041 .0083 .0156
7 0 .6983 .4783 .3206 .2097 .1335 .0824 .0490 .0280 .0152 .0078
1 .2573 .3720 .3960 .3670 .3115 .2471 .1848 .1306 .0872 .0547
2 .0406 .1240 .2097 .2753 .3115 .3177 .2985 .2613 .2140 .1641
3 .0036 .0230 .0617 .1147 .1730 .2269 .2679 .2903 .2918 .2734
4 .0002 .0026 .0109 .0287 .0577 .0972 .1442 .1935 .2388 .2734
5 .0000 .0002 .0012 .0043 .0115 .0250 .0466 .0774 .1172 .1641
6 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0013 .0036 .0084 .0172 .0320 .0547
7 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0016 .0037 .0078
8 0 .6634 .4305 .2725 .1678 .1001 .0576 .0319 .0168 .0084 .0039
1 .2793 .3826 .3847 .3355 .2670 .1977 .1373 .0896 .0548 .0313
2 .0515 .1488 .2376 .2936 .3115 .2965 .2587 .2090 .1569 .1094
3 .0054 .0331 .0839 .1468 .2076 .2541 .2786 .2787 .2568 .2188

(continued on next page)

867
868 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 1 Exact binomial probabilities Pr(X = k) = pkqn–k (continued)

n k .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

4 .0004 .0046 .0185 .0459 .0865 .1361 .1875 .2322 .2627 .2734
5 .0000 .0004 .0026 .0092 .0231 .0467 .0808 .1239 .1719 .2188
6 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0011 .0038 .0100 .0217 .0413 .0703 .1094
7 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0012 .0033 .0079 .0164 .0313
8 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0007 .0017 .0039
9 0 .6302 .3874 .2316 .1342 .0751 .0404 .0207 .0101 .0046 .0020
1 .2985 .3874 .3679 .3020 .2253 .1556 .1004 .0605 .0339 .0176
2 .0629 .1722 .2597 .3020 .3003 .2668 .2162 .1612 .1110 .0703
3 .0077 .0446 .1069 .1762 .2336 .2668 .2716 .2508 .2119 .1641
4 .0006 .0074 .0283 .0661 .1168 .1715 .2194 .2508 .2600 .2461
5 .0000 .0008 .0050 .0165 .0389 .0735 .1181 .1672 .2128 .2461
6 .0000 .0001 .0006 .0028 .0087 .0210 .0424 .0743 .1160 .1641
7 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0012 .0039 .0098 .0212 .0407 .0703
8 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0013 .0035 .0083 .0176
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0008 .0020
10 0 .5987 .3487 .1969 .1074 .0563 .0282 .0135 .0060 .0025 .0010
1 .3151 .3874 .3474 .2684 .1877 .1211 .0725 .0403 .0207 .0098
2 .0746 .1937 .2759 .3020 .2816 .2335 .1757 .1209 .0763 .0439
3 .0105 .0574 .1298 .2013 .2503 .2668 .2522 .2150 .1665 .1172
4 .0010 .0112 .0401 .0881 .1460 .2001 .2377 .2508 .2384 .2051
5 .0001 .0015 .0085 .0264 .0584 .1029 .1536 .2007 .2340 .2461
6 .0000 .0001 .0012 .0055 .0162 .0368 .0689 .1115 .1596 .2051
7 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0008 .0031 .0090 .0212 .0425 .0746 .1172
8 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0014 .0043 .0106 .0229 .0439
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0016 .0042 .0098
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0010
11 0 .5688 .3138 .1673 .0859 .0422 .0198 .0088 .0036 .0014 .0005
1 .3293 .3835 .3248 .2362 .1549 .0932 .0518 .0266 .0125 .0054
2 .0867 .2131 .2866 .2953 .2581 .1998 .1395 .0887 .0513 .0269
3 .0137 .0710 .1517 .2215 .2581 .2568 .2254 .1774 .1259 .0806
4 .0014 .0158 .0536 .1107 .1721 .2201 .2428 .2365 .2060 .1611
5 .0001 .0025 .0132 .0388 .0803 .1321 .1830 .2207 .2360 .2256
6 .0000 .0003 .0023 .0097 .0268 .0566 .0985 .1471 .1931 .2256
7 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0017 .0064 .0173 .0379 .0701 .1128 .1611
8 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0011 .0037 .0102 .0234 .0462 .0806
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0018 .0052 .0126 .0269
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0007 .0021 .0054
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0005
12 0 .5404 .2824 .1422 .0687 .0317 .0138 .0057 .0022 .0008 .0002
1 .3413 .3766 .3012 .2062 .1267 .0712 .0368 .0174 .0075 .0029
2 .0988 .2301 .2924 .2835 .2323 .1678 .1088 .0639 .0339 .0161
3 .0173 .0852 .1720 .2362 .2581 .2397 .1954 .1419 .0923 .0537
4 .0021 .0213 .0683 .1329 .1936 .2311 .2367 .2128 .1700 .1208
5 .0002 .0038 .0193 .0532 .1032 .1585 .2039 .2270 .2225 .1934
6 .0000 .0005 .0040 .0155 .0401 .0792 .1281 .1766 .2124 .2256
7 .0000 .0000 .0006 .0033 .0115 .0291 .0591 .1009 .1489 .1934
8 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0024 .0078 .0199 .0420 .0762 .1208
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0015 .0048 .0125 .0277 .0537
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0008 .0025 .0068 .0161
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0029
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002
13 0 .5133 .2542 .1209 .0550 .0238 .0097 .0037 .0013 .0004 .0001
1 .3512 .3672 .2774 .1787 .1029 .0540 .0259 .0113 .0045 .0016
2 .1109 .2448 .2937 .2680 .2059 .1388 .0836 .0453 .0220 .0095
3 .0214 .0997 .1900 .2457 .2517 .2181 .1651 .1107 .0660 .0349
4 .0028 .0277 .0838 .1535 .2097 .2337 .2222 .1845 .1350 .0873
5 .0003 .0055 .0266 .0691 .1258 .1803 .2154 .2214 .1989 .1571

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 869

TAB LE 1 Exact binomial probabilities Pr(X = k) = pkqn–k (continued)

n k .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

6 .0000 .0008 .0063 .0230 .0559 .1030 .1546 .1968 .2169 .2095
7 .0000 .0001 .0011 .0058 .0186 .0442 .0833 .1312 .1775 .2095
8 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0011 .0047 .0142 .0336 .0656 .1089 .1571
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0009 .0034 .0101 .0243 .0495 .0873
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0006 .0022 .0065 .0162 .0349
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0012 .0036 .0095
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0016
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
14 0 .4877 .2288 .1028 .0440 .0178 .0068 .0024 .0008 .0002 .0001
1 .3593 .3559 .2539 .1539 .0832 .0407 .0181 .0073 .0027 .0009
2 .1229 .2570 .2912 .2501 .1802 .1134 .0634 .0317 .0141 .0056
3 .0259 .1142 .2056 .2501 .2402 .1943 .1366 .0845 .0462 .0222
4 .0037 .0349 .0998 .1720 .2202 .2290 .2022 .1549 .1040 .0611
5 .0004 .0078 .0352 .0860 .1468 .1963 .2178 .2066 .1701 .1222
6 .0000 .0013 .0093 .0322 .0734 .1262 .1759 .2066 .2088 .1833
7 .0000 .0002 .0019 .0092 .0280 .0618 .1082 .1574 .1952 .2095
8 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0020 .0082 .0232 .0510 .0918 .1398 .1833
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0018 .0066 .0183 .0408 .0762 .1222
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0014 .0049 .0136 .0312 .0611
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0010 .0033 .0093 .0222
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0019 .0056
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0009
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
15 0 .4633 .2059 .0874 .0352 .0134 .0047 .0016 .0005 .0001 .0000
1 .3658 .3432 .2312 .1319 .0668 .0305 .0126 .0047 .0016 .0005
2 .1348 .2669 .2856 .2309 .1559 .0916 .0476 .0219 .0090 .0032
3 .0307 .1285 .2184 .2501 .2252 .1700 .1110 .0634 .0318 .0139
4 .0049 .0428 .1156 .1876 .2252 .2186 .1792 .1268 .0780 .0417
5 .0006 .0105 .0449 .1032 .1651 .2061 .2123 .1859 .1404 .0916
6 .0000 .0019 .0132 .0430 .0917 .1472 .1906 .2066 .1914 .1527
7 .0000 .0003 .0030 .0138 .0393 .0811 .1319 .1771 .2013 .1964
8 .0000 .0000 .0005 .0035 .0131 .0348 .0710 .1181 .1647 .1964
9 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0007 .0034 .0116 .0298 .0612 .1048 .1527
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0007 .0030 .0096 .0245 .0515 .0916
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0006 .0024 .0074 .0191 .0417
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0016 .0052 .0139
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0032
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
16 0 .4401 .1853 .0743 .0281 .0100 .0033 .0010 .0003 .0001 .0000
1 .3706 .3294 .2097 .1126 .0535 .0228 .0087 .0030 .0009 .0002
2 .1463 .2745 .2775 .2111 .1336 .0732 .0353 .0150 .0056 .0018
3 .0359 .1423 .2285 .2463 .2079 .1465 .0888 .0468 .0215 .0085
4 .0061 .0514 .1311 .2001 .2252 .2040 .1553 .1014 .0572 .0278
5 .0008 .0137 .0555 .1201 .1802 .2099 .2008 .1623 .1123 .0667
6 .0001 .0028 .0180 .0550 .1101 .1649 .1982 .1983 .1684 .1222
7 .0000 .0004 .0045 .0197 .0524 .1010 .1524 .1889 .1969 .1746
8 .0000 .0001 .0009 .0055 .0197 .0487 .0923 .1417 .1812 .1964
9 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0012 .0058 .0185 .0442 .0840 .1318 .1746
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0014 .0056 .0167 .0392 .0755 .1222
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0013 .0049 .0142 .0337 .0667
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0011 .0040 .0115 .0278
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0008 .0029 .0085
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0018
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

(continued on next page)

870 APPENDIX Tables

TAB LE 1 Exact binomial probabilities Pr(X = k) = pkqn–k (continued)

n k .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

17 0 .4181 .1668 .0631 .0225 .0075 .0023 .0007 .0002 .0000 .0000
1 .3741 .3150 .1893 .0957 .0426 .0169 .0060 .0019 .0005 .0001
2 .1575 .2800 .2673 .1914 .1136 .0581 .0260 .0102 .0035 .0010
3 .0415 .1556 .2359 .2393 .1893 .1245 .0701 .0341 .0144 .0052
4 .0076 .0605 .1457 .2093 .2209 .1868 .1320 .0796 .0411 .0182
5 .0010 .0175 .0668 .1361 .1914 .2081 .1849 .1379 .0875 .0472
6 .0001 .0039 .0236 .0680 .1276 .1784 .1991 .1839 .1432 .0944
7 .0000 .0007 .0065 .0267 .0668 .1201 .1685 .1927 .1841 .1484
8 .0000 .0001 .0014 .0084 .0279 .0644 .1134 .1606 .1883 .1855
9 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0021 .0093 .0276 .0611 .1070 .1540 .1855
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004 .0025 .0095 .0263 .0571 .1008 .1484
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0026 .0090 .0242 .0525 .0944
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0006 .0024 .0081 .0215 .0472
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0021 .0068 .0182
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0004 .0016 .0052
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0010
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
17 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
18 0 .3972 .1501 .0536 .0180 .0056 .0016 .0004 .0001 .0000 .0000
1 .3763 .3002 .1704 .0811 .0338 .0126 .0042 .0012 .0003 .0001
2 .1683 .2835 .2556 .1723 .0958 .0458 .0190 .0069 .0022 .0006
3 .0473 .1680 .2406 .2297 .1704 .1046 .0547 .0246 .0095 .0031
4 .0093 .0700 .1592 .2153 .2130 .1681 .1104 .0614 .0291 .0117
5 .0014 .0218 .0787 .1507 .1988 .2017 .1664 .1146 .0666 .0327
6 .0002 .0052 .0301 .0816 .1436 .1873 .1941 .1655 .1181 .0708
7 .0000 .0010 .0091 .0350 .0820 .1376 .1792 .1892 .1657 .1214
8 .0000 .0002 .0022 .0120 .0376 .0811 .1327 .1734 .1864 .1669
9 .0000 .0000 .0004 .0033 .0139 .0386 .0794 .1284 .1694 .1855
10 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0008 .0042 .0149 .0385 .0771 .1248 .1669
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0010 .0046 .0151 .0374 .0742 .1214
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0012 .0047 .0145 .0354 .0708
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0012 .0045 .0134 .0327
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0011 .0039 .0117
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0009 .0031
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0006
17 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
18 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
19 0 .3774 .1351 .0456 .0144 .0042 .0011 .0003 .0001 .0000 .0000
1 .3774 .2852 .1529 .0685 .0268 .0093 .0029 .0008 .0002 .0000
2 .1787 .2852 .2428 .1540 .0803 .0358 .0138 .0046 .0013 .0003
3 .0533 .1796 .2428 .2182 .1517 .0869 .0422 .0175 .0062 .0018
4 .0112 .0798 .1714 .2182 .2023 .1491 .0909 .0467 .0203 .0074
5 .0018 .0266 .0907 .1636 .2023 .1916 .1468 .0933 .0497 .0222
6 .0002 .0069 .0374 .0955 .1574 .1916 .1844 .1451 .0949 .0518
7 .0000 .0014 .0122 .0443 .0974 .1525 .1844 .1797 .1443 .0961
8 .0000 .0002 .0032 .0166 .0487 .0981 .1489 .1797 .1771 .1442
9 .0000 .0000 .0007 .0051 .0198 .0514 .0980 .1464 .1771 .1762
10 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0013 .0066 .0220 .0528 .0976 .1449 .1762
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0018 .0077 .0233 .0532 .0970 .1442
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0004 .0022 .0083 .0237 .0529 .0961
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0024 .0085 .0233 .0518
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0006 .0024 .0082 .0222
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0022 .0074
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0005 .0018
17 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0003

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 871

TAB LE 1 Exact binomial probabilities Pr(X = k) = pkqn–k (continued)

n k .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50

18 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
19 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20 0 .3585 .1216 .0388 .0115 .0032 .0008 .0002 .0000 .0000 .0000
1 .3774 .2702 .1368 .0576 .0211 .0068 .0020 .0005 .0001 .0000
2 .1887 .2852 .2293 .1369 .0669 .0278 .0100 .0031 .0008 .0002
3 .0596 .1901 .2428 .2054 .1339 .0716 .0323 .0123 .0040 .0011
4 .0133 .0898 .1821 .2182 .1897 .1304 .0738 .0350 .0139 .0046
5 .0022 .0319 .1028 .1746 .2023 .1789 .1272 .0746 .0365 .0148
6 .0003 .0089 .0454 .1091 .1686 .1916 .1712 .1244 .0746 .0370
7 .0000 .0020 .0160 .0546 .1124 .1643 .1844 .1659 .1221 .0739
8 .0000 .0004 .0046 .0222 .0609 .1144 .1614 .1797 .1623 .1201
9 .0000 .0001 .0011 .0074 .0271 .0654 .1158 .1597 .1771 .1602
10 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0020 .0099 .0308 .0686 .1171 .1593 .1762
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0005 .0030 .0120 .0336 .0710 .1185 .1602
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0008 .0039 .0136 .0355 .0727 .1201
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0010 .0045 .0146 .0366 .0739
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0012 .0049 .0150 .0370
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0013 .0049 .0148
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0003 .0013 .0046
17 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0011
18 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002
19 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
20 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

TA B LE 2 Exact Poisson probabilities

k 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0 .6065 .3679 .2231 .1353 .0821 .0498 .0302 .0183 .0111 .0067
1 .3033 .3679 .3347 .2707 .2052 .1494 .1057 .0733 .0500 .0337
2 .0758 .1839 .2510 .2707 .2565 .2240 .1850 .1465 .1125 .0842
3 .0126 .0613 .1255 .1804 .2138 .2240 .2158 .1954 .1687 .1404
4 .0016 .0153 .0471 .0902 .1336 .1680 .1888 .1954 .1898 .1755
5 .0002 .0031 .0141 .0361 .0668 .1008 .1322 .1563 .1708 .1755
6 .0000 .0005 .0035 .0120 .0278 .0504 .0771 .1042 .1281 .1462
7 .0000 .0001 .0008 .0034 .0099 .0216 .0385 .0595 .0824 .1044
8 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0009 .0031 .0081 .0169 .0298 .0463 .0653
9 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0009 .0027 .0066 .0132 .0232 .0363
10 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0008 .0023 .0053 .0104 .0181
11 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0002 .0007 .0019 .0043 .0082
12 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0016 .0034
13 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0013
14 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0005
15 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002
16 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

k 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

0 .0041 .0025 .0015 .0009 .0006 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0000
1 .0225 .0149 .0098 .0064 .0041 .0027 .0017 .0011 .0007 .0005
2 .0618 .0446 .0318 .0223 .0156 .0107 .0074 .0050 .0034 .0023
3 .1133 .0892 .0688 .0521 .0389 .0286 .0208 .0150 .0107 .0076

(continued on next page)

872 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 2 Exact Poisson probabilities (continued)

k 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

4 .1558 .1339 .1118 .0912 .0729 .0573 .0443 .0337 .0254 .0189
5 .1714 .1606 .1454 .1277 .1094 .0916 .0752 .0607 .0483 .0378
6 .1571 .1606 .1575 .1490 .1367 .1221 .1066 .0911 .0764 .0631
7 .1234 .1377 .1462 .1490 .1465 .1396 .1294 .1171 .1037 .0901
8 .0849 .1033 .1188 .1304 .1373 .1396 .1375 .1318 .1232 .1126
9 .0519 .0688 .0858 .1014 .1144 .1241 .1299 .1318 .1300 .1251
10 .0285 .0413 .0558 .0710 .0858 .0993 .1104 .1186 .1235 .1251
11 .0143 .0225 .0330 .0452 .0585 .0722 .0853 .0970 .1067 .1137
12 .0065 .0113 .0179 .0263 .0366 .0481 .0604 .0728 .0844 .0948
13 .0028 .0052 .0089 .0142 .0211 .0296 .0395 .0504 .0617 .0729
14 .0011 .0022 .0041 .0071 .0113 .0169 .0240 .0324 .0419 .0521
15 .0004 .0009 .0018 .0033 .0057 .0090 .0136 .0194 .0265 .0347
16 .0001 .0003 .0007 .0014 .0026 .0045 .0072 .0109 .0157 .0217
17 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0006 .0012 .0021 .0036 .0058 .0088 .0128
18 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0005 .0009 .0017 .0029 .0046 .0071
19 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0008 .0014 .0023 .0037
20 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0006 .0011 .0019
21 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0009
22 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004
23 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002
24 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
25 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

k 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
1 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
2 .0015 .0010 .0007 .0004 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000
3 .0053 .0037 .0026 .0018 .0012 .0008 .0006 .0004 .0003 .0002
4 .0139 .0102 .0074 .0053 .0038 .0027 .0019 .0013 .0009 .0006
5 .0293 .0224 .0170 .0127 .0095 .0070 .0051 .0037 .0027 .0019
6 .0513 .0411 .0325 .0255 .0197 .0152 .0115 .0087 .0065 .0048
7 .0769 .0646 .0535 .0437 .0353 .0281 .0222 .0174 .0135 .0104
8 .1009 .0888 .0769 .0655 .0551 .0457 .0375 .0304 .0244 .0194
9 .1177 .1085 .0982 .0874 .0765 .0661 .0563 .0473 .0394 .0324
10 .1236 .1194 .1129 .1048 .0956 .0859 .0760 .0663 .0571 .0486
11 .1180 .1194 .1181 .1144 .1087 .1015 .0932 .0844 .0753 .0663
12 .1032 .1094 .1131 .1144 .1132 .1099 .1049 .0984 .0910 .0829
13 .0834 .0926 .1001 .1056 .1089 .1099 .1089 .1060 .1014 .0956
14 .0625 .0728 .0822 .0905 .0972 .1021 .1050 .1060 .1051 .1024
15 .0438 .0534 .0630 .0724 .0810 .0885 .0945 .0989 .1016 .1024
16 .0287 .0367 .0453 .0543 .0633 .0719 .0798 .0866 .0920 .0960
17 .0177 .0237 .0306 .0383 .0465 .0550 .0633 .0713 .0785 .0847
18 .0104 .0145 .0196 .0255 .0323 .0397 .0475 .0554 .0632 .0706
19 .0057 .0084 .0119 .0161 .0213 .0272 .0337 .0409 .0483 .0557
20 .0030 .0046 .0068 .0097 .0133 .0177 .0228 .0286 .0350 .0418
21 .0015 .0024 .0037 .0055 .0079 .0109 .0146 .0191 .0242 .0299
22 .0007 .0012 .0020 .0030 .0045 .0065 .0090 .0121 .0159 .0204
23 .0003 .0006 .0010 .0016 .0024 .0037 .0053 .0074 .0100 .0133
24 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0013 .0020 .0030 .0043 .0061 .0083
25 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0010 .0016 .0024 .0035 .0050
26 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0013 .0020 .0029
27 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0011 .0016
28 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0009

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 873

TA B LE 2 Exact Poisson probabilities (continued)

k 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0

29 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004
30 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002
31 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001
32 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
33 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

k 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

0 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
1 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
2 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
3 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
4 .0004 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
5 .0014 .0010 .0007 .0005 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001
6 .0036 .0026 .0019 .0014 .0010 .0007 .0005 .0004 .0003 .0002
7 .0079 .0060 .0045 .0034 .0025 .0019 .0014 .0010 .0007 .0005
8 .0153 .0120 .0093 .0072 .0055 .0042 .0031 .0024 .0018 .0013
9 .0264 .0213 .0171 .0135 .0107 .0083 .0065 .0050 .0038 .0029
10 .0409 .0341 .0281 .0230 .0186 .0150 .0120 .0095 .0074 .0058
11 .0577 .0496 .0422 .0355 .0297 .0245 .0201 .0164 .0132 .0106
12 .0745 .0661 .0580 .0504 .0432 .0368 .0310 .0259 .0214 .0176
13 .0888 .0814 .0736 .0658 .0582 .0509 .0441 .0378 .0322 .0271
14 .0983 .0930 .0868 .0800 .0728 .0655 .0583 .0514 .0448 .0387
15 .1016 .0992 .0955 .0906 .0849 .0786 .0719 .0650 .0582 .0516
16 .0984 .0992 .0985 .0963 .0929 .0884 .0831 .0772 .0710 .0646
17 .0897 .0934 .0956 .0963 .0956 .0936 .0904 .0863 .0814 .0760
18 .0773 .0830 .0876 .0909 .0929 .0936 .0930 .0911 .0882 .0844
19 .0630 .0699 .0761 .0814 .0856 .0887 .0905 .0911 .0905 .0888
20 .0489 .0559 .0628 .0692 .0749 .0798 .0837 .0866 .0883 .0888
21 .0361 .0426 .0493 .0560 .0624 .0684 .0738 .0783 .0820 .0846
22 .0254 .0310 .0370 .0433 .0496 .0560 .0620 .0676 .0727 .0769
23 .0171 .0216 .0265 .0320 .0378 .0438 .0499 .0559 .0616 .0669
24 .0111 .0144 .0182 .0226 .0275 .0328 .0385 .0442 .0500 .0557
25 .0069 .0092 .0120 .0154 .0193 .0237 .0285 .0336 .0390 .0446
26 .0041 .0057 .0076 .0101 .0130 .0164 .0202 .0246 .0293 .0343
27 .0023 .0034 .0047 .0063 .0084 .0109 .0139 .0173 .0211 .0254
28 .0013 .0019 .0028 .0038 .0053 .0070 .0092 .0117 .0147 .0181
29 .0007 .0011 .0016 .0023 .0032 .0044 .0058 .0077 .0099 .0125
30 .0004 .0006 .0009 .0013 .0019 .0026 .0036 .0049 .0064 .0083
31 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0015 .0022 .0030 .0040 .0054
32 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0009 .0012 .0018 .0025 .0034
33 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0015 .0020
34 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0012
35 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007
36 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004
37 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002
38 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001
39 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001
40 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
874 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 3 The normal distribution

1 (–1/2)x2 1 (–1/2)x2
f (x) = e f (x) = e
A(x) = Φ(x) = Pr(X ≤ x) 2π 2π

B(x) = 1 – Φ(x) = Pr(X > x)

0 x 0 x
(a) (b)

C(x) = Pr(0 ≤ X ≤ x) D(x) = Pr(–x ≤ X ≤ x)

1 (–1/2)x2 1 (–1/2)x2
f (x) = e f(x) = e
2π 2π

0 x –x 0 x
(c) (d)

x Aa Bb Cc Dd x A B C D

0.0 .5000 .5000 .0 .0 0.32 .6255 .3745 .1255 .2510

0.01 .5040 .4960 .0040 .0080 0.33 .6293 .3707 .1293 .2586
0.02 .5080 .4920 .0080 .0160 0.34 .6331 .3669 .1331 .2661
0.03 .5120 .4880 .0120 .0239 0.35 .6368 .3632 .1368 .2737
0.04 .5160 .4840 .0160 .0319 0.36 .6406 .3594 .1406 .2812
0.05 .5199 .4801 .0199 .0399 0.37 .6443 .3557 .1443 .2886
0.06 .5239 .4761 .0239 .0478 0.38 .6480 .3520 .1480 .2961
0.07 .5279 .4721 .0279 .0558 0.39 .6517 .3483 .1517 .3035
0.08 .5319 .4681 .0319 .0638 0.40 .6554 .3446 .1554 .3108
0.09 .5359 .4641 .0359 .0717 0.41 .6591 .3409 .1591 .3182
0.10 .5398 .4602 .0398 .0797 0.42 .6628 .3372 .1628 .3255
0.11 .5438 .4562 .0438 .0876 0.43 .6664 .3336 .1664 .3328
0.12 .5478 .4522 .0478 .0955 0.44 .6700 .3300 .1700 .3401
0.13 .5517 .4483 .0517 .1034 0.45 .6736 .3264 .1736 .3473
0.14 .5557 .4443 .0557 .1113 0.46 .6772 .3228 .1772 .3545
0.15 .5596 .4404 .0596 .1192 0.47 .6808 .3192 .1808 .3616
0.16 .5636 .4364 .0636 .1271 0.48 .6844 .3156 .1844 .3688
0.17 .5675 .4325 .0675 .1350 0.49 .6879 .3121 .1879 .3759
0.18 .5714 .4286 .0714 .1428 0.50 .6915 .3085 .1915 .3829
0.19 .5753 .4247 .0753 .1507 0.51 .6950 .3050 .1950 .3899
0.20 .5793 .4207 .0793 .1585 0.52 .6985 .3015 .1985 .3969
0.21 .5832 .4168 .0832 .1663 0.53 .7019 .2981 .2019 .4039
0.22 .5871 .4129 .0871 .1741 0.54 .7054 .2946 .2054 .4108
0.23 .5910 .4090 .0910 .1819 0.55 .7088 .2912 .2088 .4177
0.24 .5948 .4052 .0948 .1897 0.56 .7123 .2877 .2123 .4245
0.25 .5987 .4013 .0987 .1974 0.57 .7157 .2843 .2157 .4313
0.26 .6026 .3974 .1026 .2051 0.58 .7190 .2810 .2190 .4381
0.27 .6064 .3936 .1064 .2128 0.59 .7224 .2776 .2224 .4448
0.28 .6103 .3897 .1103 .2205 0.60 .7257 .2743 .2257 .4515
0.29 .6141 .3859 .1141 .2282 0.61 .7291 .2709 .2291 .4581
0.30 .6179 .3821 .1179 .2358 0.62 .7324 .2676 .2324 .4647
0.31 .6217 .3783 .1217 .2434 0.63 .7357 .2643 .2357 .4713

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 875

TA B LE 3 The normal distribution (continued)

x Aa Bb Cc Dd x A B C D

0.64 .7389 .2611 .2389 .4778 1.23 .8907 .1093 .3907 .7813
0.65 .7422 .2578 .2422 .4843 1.24 .8925 .1075 .3925 .7850
0.66 .7454 .2546 .2454 .4907 1.25 .8944 .1056 .3944 .7887
0.67 .7486 .2514 .2486 .4971 1.26 .8962 .1038 .3962 .7923
0.68 .7517 .2483 .2517 .5035 1.27 .8980 .1020 .3980 .7959
0.69 .7549 .2451 .2549 .5098 1.28 .8997 .1003 .3997 .7995
0.70 .7580 .2420 .2580 .5161 1.29 .9015 .0985 .4015 .8029
0.71 .7611 .2389 .2611 .5223 1.30 .9032 .0968 .4032 .8064
0.72 .7642 .2358 .2642 .5285 1.31 .9049 .0951 .4049 .8098
0.73 .7673 .2327 .2673 .5346 1.32 .9066 .0934 .4066 .8132
0.74 .7703 .2297 .2703 .5407 1.33 .9082 .0918 .4082 .8165
0.75 .7734 .2266 .2734 .5467 1.34 .9099 .0901 .4099 .8198
0.76 .7764 .2236 .2764 .5527 1.35 .9115 .0885 .4115 .8230
0.77 .7793 .2207 .2793 .5587 1.36 .9131 .0869 .4131 .8262
0.78 .7823 .2177 .2823 .5646 1.37 .9147 .0853 .4147 .8293
0.79 .7852 .2148 .2852 .5705 1.38 .9162 .0838 .4162 .8324
0.80 .7881 .2119 .2881 .5763 1.39 .9177 .0823 .4177 .8355
0.81 .7910 .2090 .2910 .5821 1.40 .9192 .0808 .4192 .8385
0.82 .7939 .2061 .2939 .5878 1.41 .9207 .0793 .4207 .8415
0.83 .7967 .2033 .2967 .5935 1.42 .9222 .0778 .4222 .8444
0.84 .7995 .2005 .2995 .5991 1.43 .9236 .0764 .4236 .8473
0.85 .8023 .1977 .3023 .6047 1.44 .9251 .0749 .4251 .8501
0.86 .8051 .1949 .3051 .6102 1.45 .9265 .0735 .4265 .8529
0.87 .8078 .1922 .3078 .6157 1.46 .9279 .0721 .4279 .8557
0.88 .8106 .1894 .3106 .6211 1.47 .9292 .0708 .4292 .8584
0.89 .8133 .1867 .3133 .6265 1.48 .9306 .0694 .4306 .8611
0.90 .8159 .1841 .3159 .6319 1.49 .9319 .0681 .4319 .8638
0.91 .8186 .1814 .3186 .6372 1.50 .9332 .0668 .4332 .8664
0.92 .8212 .1788 .3212 .6424 1.51 .9345 .0655 .4345 .8690
0.93 .8238 .1762 .3238 .6476 1.52 .9357 .0643 .4357 .8715
0.94 .8264 .1736 .3264 .6528 1.53 .9370 .0630 .4370 .8740
0.95 .8289 .1711 .3289 .6579 1.54 .9382 .0618 .4382 .8764
0.96 .8315 .1685 .3315 .6629 1.55 .9394 .0606 .4394 .8789
0.97 .8340 .1660 .3340 .6680 1.56 .9406 .0594 .4406 .8812
0.98 .8365 .1635 .3365 .6729 1.57 .9418 .0582 .4418 .8836
0.99 .8389 .1611 .3389 .6778 1.58 .9429 .0571 .4429 .8859
1.00 .8413 .1587 .3413 .6827 1.59 .9441 .0559 .4441 .8882
1.01 .8438 .1562 .3438 .6875 1.60 .9452 .0548 .4452 .8904
1.02 .8461 .1539 .3461 .6923 1.61 .9463 .0537 .4463 .8926
1.03 .8485 .1515 .3485 .6970 1.62 .9474 .0526 .4474 .8948
1.04 .8508 .1492 .3508 .7017 1.63 .9484 .0516 .4484 .8969
1.05 .8531 .1469 .3531 .7063 1.64 .9495 .0505 .4495 .8990
1.06 .8554 .1446 .3554 .7109 1.65 .9505 .0495 .4505 .9011
1.07 .8577 .1423 .3577 .7154 1.66 .9515 .0485 .4515 .9031
1.08 .8599 .1401 .3599 .7199 1.67 .9525 .0475 .4525 .9051
1.09 .8621 .1379 .3621 .7243 1.68 .9535 .0465 .4535 .9070
1.10 .8643 .1357 .3643 .7287 1.69 .9545 .0455 .4545 .9090
1.11 .8665 .1335 .3665 .7330 1.70 .9554 .0446 .4554 .9109
1.12 .8686 .1314 .3686 .7373 1.71 .9564 .0436 .4564 .9127
1.13 .8708 .1292 .3708 .7415 1.72 .9573 .0427 .4573 .9146
1.14 .8729 .1271 .3729 .7457 1.73 .9582 .0418 .4582 .9164
1.15 .8749 .1251 .3749 .7499 1.74 .9591 .0409 .4591 .9181
1.16 .8770 .1230 .3770 .7540 1.75 .9599 .0401 .4599 .9199
1.17 .8790 .1210 .3790 .7580 1.76 .9608 .0392 .4608 .9216
1.18 .8810 .1190 .3810 .7620 1.77 .9616 .0384 .4616 .9233
1.19 .8830 .1170 .3830 .7660 1.78 .9625 .0375 .4625 .9249
1.20 .8849 .1151 .3849 .7699 1.79 .9633 .0367 .4633 .9265
1.21 .8869 .1131 .3869 .7737 1.80 .9641 .0359 .4641 .9281
1.22 .8888 .1112 .3888 .7775 1.81 .9649 .0351 .4649 .9297

(continued on next page)

876 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 3 The normal distribution (continued)

x Aa Bb Cc Dd x A B C D

1.82 .9656 .0344 .4656 .9312 2.39 .9916 .0084 .4916 .9832
1.83 .9664 .0336 .4664 .9327 2.40 .9918 .0082 .4918 .9836
1.84 .9671 .0329 .4671 .9342 2.41 .9920 .0080 .4920 .9840
1.85 .9678 .0322 .4678 .9357 2.42 .9922 .0078 .4922 .9845
1.86 .9686 .0314 .4686 .9371 2.43 .9925 .0075 .4925 .9849
1.87 .9693 .0307 .4693 .9385 2.44 .9927 .0073 .4927 .9853
1.88 .9699 .0301 .4699 .9399 2.45 .9929 .0071 .4929 .9857
1.89 .9706 .0294 .4706 .9412 2.46 .9931 .0069 .4931 .9861
1.90 .9713 .0287 .4713 .9426 2.47 .9932 .0068 .4932 .9865
1.91 .9719 .0281 .4719 .9439 2.48 .9934 .0066 .4934 .9869
1.92 .9726 .0274 .4726 .9451 2.49 .9936 .0064 .4936 .9872
1.93 .9732 .0268 .4732 .9464 2.50 .9938 .0062 .4938 .9876
1.94 .9738 .0262 .4738 .9476 2.51 .9940 .0060 .4940 .9879
1.95 .9744 .0256 .4744 .9488 2.52 .9941 .0059 .4941 .9883
1.96 .9750 .0250 .4750 .9500 2.53 .9943 .0057 .4943 .9886
1.97 .9756 .0244 .4756 .9512 2.54 .9945 .0055 .4945 .9889
1.98 .9761 .0239 .4761 .9523 2.55 .9946 .0054 .4946 .9892
1.99 .9767 .0233 .4767 .9534 2.56 .9948 .0052 .4948 .9895
2.00 .9772 .0228 .4772 .9545 2.57 .9949 .0051 .4949 .9898
2.01 .9778 .0222 .4778 .9556 2.58 .9951 .0049 .4951 .9901
2.02 .9783 .0217 .4783 .9566 2.59 .9952 .0048 .4952 .9904
2.03 .9788 .0212 .4788 .9576 2.60 .9953 .0047 .4953 .9907
2.04 .9793 .0207 .4793 .9586 2.61 .9955 .0045 .4955 .9909
2.05 .9798 .0202 .4798 .9596 2.62 .9956 .0044 .4956 .9912
2.06 .9803 .0197 .4803 .9606 2.63 .9957 .0043 .4957 .9915
2.07 .9808 .0192 .4808 .9615 2.64 .9959 .0041 .4959 .9917
2.08 .9812 .0188 .4812 .9625 2.65 .9960 .0040 .4960 .9920
2.09 .9817 .0183 .4817 .9634 2.66 .9961 .0039 .4961 .9922
2.10 .9821 .0179 .4821 .9643 2.67 .9962 .0038 .4962 .9924
2.11 .9826 .0174 .4826 .9651 2.68 .9963 .0037 .4963 .9926
2.12 .9830 .0170 .4830 .9660 2.69 .9964 .0036 .4964 .9929
2.13 .9834 .0166 .4834 .9668 2.70 .9965 .0035 .4965 .9931
2.14 .9838 .0162 .4838 .9676 2.71 .9966 .0034 .4966 .9933
2.15 .9842 .0158 .4842 .9684 2.72 .9967 .0033 .4967 .9935
2.16 .9846 .0154 .4846 .9692 2.73 .9968 .0032 .4968 .9937
2.17 .9850 .0150 .4850 .9700 2.74 .9969 .0031 .4969 .9939
2.18 .9854 .0146 .4854 .9707 2.75 .9970 .0030 .4970 .9940
2.19 .9857 .0143 .4857 .9715 2.76 .9971 .0029 .4971 .9942
2.20 .9861 .0139 .4861 .9722 2.77 .9972 .0028 .4972 .9944
2.21 .9864 .0136 .4864 .9729 2.78 .9973 .0027 .4973 .9946
2.22 .9868 .0132 .4868 .9736 2.79 .9974 .0026 .4974 .9947
2.23 .9871 .0129 .4871 .9743 2.80 .9974 .0026 .4974 .9949
2.24 .9875 .0125 .4875 .9749 2.81 .9975 .0025 .4975 .9950
2.25 .9878 .0122 .4878 .9756 2.82 .9976 .0024 .4976 .9952
2.26 .9881 .0119 .4881 .9762 2.83 .9977 .0023 .4977 .9953
2.27 .9884 .0116 .4884 .9768 2.84 .9977 .0023 .4977 .9955
2.28 .9887 .0113 .4887 .9774 2.85 .9978 .0022 .4978 .9956
2.29 .9890 .0110 .4890 .9780 2.86 .9979 .0021 .4979 .9958
2.30 .9893 .0107 .4893 .9786 2.87 .9979 .0021 .4979 .9959
2.31 .9896 .0104 .4896 .9791 2.88 .9980 .0020 .4980 .9960
2.32 .9898 .0102 .4898 .9797 2.89 .9981 .0019 .4981 .9961
2.33 .9901 .0099 .4901 .9802 2.90 .9981 .0019 .4981 .9963
2.34 .9904 .0096 .4904 .9807 2.91 .9982 .0018 .4982 .9964
2.35 .9906 .0094 .4906 .9812 2.92 .9982 .0018 .4982 .9965
2.36 .9909 .0091 .4909 .9817 2.93 .9983 .0017 .4983 .9966
2.37 .9911 .0089 .4911 .9822 2.94 .9984 .0016 .4984 .9967
2.38 .9913 .0087 .4913 .9827 2.95 .9984 .0016 .4984 .9968

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 877

TA B LE 3 The normal distribution (continued)

x Aa Bb Cc Dd x A B C D

2.96 .9985 .0015 .4985 .9969 3.49 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9995
2.97 .9985 .0015 .4985 .9970 3.50 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9995
2.98 .9986 .0014 .4986 .9971 3.51 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
2.99 .9986 .0014 .4986 .9972 3.52 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.00 .9987 .0013 .4987 .9973 3.53 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.01 .9987 .0013 .4987 .9974 3.54 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.02 .9987 .0013 .4987 .9975 3.55 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.03 .9988 .0012 .4988 .9976 3.56 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.04 .9988 .0012 .4988 .9976 3.57 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9996
3.05 .9989 .0011 .4989 .9977 3.58 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9997
3.06 .9989 .0011 .4989 .9978 3.59 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9997
3.07 .9989 .0011 .4989 .9979 3.60 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9997
3.08 .9990 .0010 .4990 .9979 3.61 .9998 .0002 .4998 .9997
3.09 .9990 .0010 .4990 .9980 3.62 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9997
3.10 .9990 .0010 .4990 .9981 3.63 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9997
3.11 .9991 .0009 .4991 .9981 3.64 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9997
3.12 .9991 .0009 .4991 .9982 3.65 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9997
3.13 .9991 .0009 .4991 .9983 3.66 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9997
3.14 .9992 .0008 .4992 .9983 3.67 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.15 .9992 .0008 .4992 .9984 3.68 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.16 .9992 .0008 .4992 .9984 3.69 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.17 .9992 .0008 .4992 .9985 3.70 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.18 .9993 .0007 .4993 .9985 3.71 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.19 .9993 .0007 .4993 .9986 3.72 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.20 .9993 .0007 .4993 .9986 3.73 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.21 .9993 .0007 .4993 .9987 3.74 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.22 .9994 .0006 .4994 .9987 3.75 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.23 .9994 .0006 .4994 .9988 3.76 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.24 .9994 .0006 .4994 .9988 3.77 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.25 .9994 .0006 .4994 .9988 3.78 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.26 .9994 .0006 .4994 .9989 3.79 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9998
3.27 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9989 3.80 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.28 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9990 3.81 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.29 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9990 3.82 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.30 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9990 3.83 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.31 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9991 3.84 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.32 .9995 .0005 .4995 .9991 3.85 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.33 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9991 3.86 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.34 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9992 3.87 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.35 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9992 3.88 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.36 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9992 3.89 .9999 .0001 .4999 .9999
3.37 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9992 3.90 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.38 .9996 .0004 .4996 .9993 3.91 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.39 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9993 3.92 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.40 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9993 3.93 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.42 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9994 3.94 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.43 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9994 3.95 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.45 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9994 3.96 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.46 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9995 3.97 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.47 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9995 3.98 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999
3.48 .9997 .0003 .4997 .9995 3.99 1.0000 .0000 .5000 .9999

a
A(x) = Φ(x) = Pr(X ≤ x), where X is a standard normal distribution.
b
B(x) = 1 – Φ(x) = Pr(X > x), where X is a standard normal distribution.
c
C(x) = Pr(0 ≤ X ≤ x), where X is a standard normal distribution.
d
D(x) = Pr(–x ≤ X ≤ x), where X is a standard normal distribution.
878 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 4 Table of 1000 random digits

01 32924 22324 18125 09077 26 96772 16443 39877 04653

02 54632 90374 94143 49295 27 52167 21038 14338 01395
03 88720 43035 97081 83373 28 69644 37198 00028 98195
04 21727 11904 41513 31653 29 71011 62004 81712 87536
05 80985 70799 57975 69282 30 31217 75877 85366 55500
06 40412 58826 94868 52632 31 64990 98735 02999 35521
07 43918 56807 75218 46077 32 48417 23569 59307 46550
08 26513 47480 77410 47741 33 07900 65059 48592 44087
09 18164 35784 44255 30124 34 74526 32601 24482 16981
10 39446 01375 75264 51173 35 51056 04402 58353 37332
11 16638 04680 98617 90298 36 39005 93458 63143 21817
12 16872 94749 44012 48884 37 67883 76343 78155 67733
13 65419 87092 78596 91512 38 06014 60999 87226 36071
14 05207 36702 56804 10498 39 93147 88766 04148 42471
15 78807 79243 13729 81222 40 01099 95731 47622 13294
16 69341 79028 64253 80447 41 89252 01201 58138 13809
17 41871 17566 61200 15994 42 41766 57239 50251 64675
18 25758 04625 43226 32986 43 92736 77800 81996 45646
19 06604 94486 40174 10742 44 45118 36600 68977 68831
20 82259 56512 48945 18183 45 73457 01579 00378 70197
21 07895 37090 50627 71320 46 49465 85251 42914 17277
22 59836 71148 42320 67816 47 15745 37285 23768 39302
23 57133 76610 89104 30481 48 28760 81331 78265 60690
24 76964 57126 87174 61025 49 82193 32787 70451 91141
25 27694 17145 32439 68245 50 89664 50242 12382 39379
 APPENDIX Tables 879

TA B LE 5 Percentage points of the t distribution (td,u)a

u
Degrees of
freedom, d .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .9995
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869

6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959

7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587

11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437

12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073

16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015

17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850

21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819

22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725

26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707

27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646

40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551

60 0.679 0.848 1.046 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460
120 0.677 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373
∞ 0.674 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291
a
The uth percentile of a t distribution with d degrees of freedom.
Source: Table 5 is taken from Table III of Fisher and Yates: “Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research,”
published by Longman Group Ltd., London (previously published by Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh).
880 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 6 Percentage points of the chi-square distribution (χ2d,u)a

d .005 .01 .025 .05 .10 .25 .50 .75 .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999

1 0.04393b 0.03157c 0.03982d 0.00393 0.02 0.10 0.45 1.32 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 10.83
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.103 0.21 0.58 1.39 2.77 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60 13.81
3 0.0717 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.58 1.21 2.37 4.11 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.06 1.92 3.36 5.39 7.78 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.15 1.61 2.67 4.35 6.63 9.24 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.52

6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 3.45 5.35 7.84 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 4.25 6.35 9.04 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 5.07 7.34 10.22 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 5.90 8.34 11.39 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 6.74 9.34 12.55 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59

11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 7.58 10.34 13.70 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76 31.26
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 8.44 11.34 14.85 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 9.30 12.34 15.98 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 10.17 13.34 17.12 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 4.60 5.23 6.27 7.26 8.55 11.04 14.34 18.25 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70

16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 11.91 15.34 19.37 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.09 12.79 16.34 20.49 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.86 13.68 17.34 21.60 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 11.65 14.56 18.34 22.72 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 12.44 15.45 19.34 23.83 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.32

21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 13.24 16.34 20.34 24.93 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 14.04 17.24 21.34 26.04 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 14.85 18.14 22.34 27.14 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 15.66 19.04 23.34 28.24 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 16.47 19.94 24.34 29.34 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62

26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 17.29 20.84 25.34 30.43 35.56 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29 54.05
27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 18.11 21.75 26.34 31.53 36.74 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64 55.48
28 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 18.94 22.66 27.34 32.62 37.92 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99 56.89
29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 19.77 23.57 28.34 33.71 39.09 42.56 45.72 49.59 52.34 58.30
30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 20.60 24.48 29.34 34.80 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70

40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 29.05 33.66 39.34 45.62 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 37.69 42.94 49.33 56.33 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 35.53 37.48 40.48 43.19 46.46 52.29 59.33 66.98 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
70 43.28 45.44 48.76 51.74 55.33 61.70 69.33 77.58 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.42 104.22 112.32
80 51.17 53.54 57.15 60.39 64.28 71.14 79.33 88.13 96.58 101.88 106.63 112.33 116.32 124.84

90 59.20 61.75 65.65 69.13 73.29 80.62 89.33 98.64 107.56 113.14 118.14 124.12 128.30 137.21
100 67.33 70.06 74.22 77.93 82.36 90.13 99.33 109.14 118.50 124.34 129.56 135.81 140.17 149.45

a
χ2d,u = uth percentile of a χ2 distribution with d degrees of freedom.
b
= 0.0000393
c
= 0.000157
d
= 0.000982
Source: Based on the Biometrika Trustees, from Table 3 of Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 2, edited by E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley.
 APPENDIX Tables 881

TA B LE 7 Confidence limits for the expectation of a Poisson variable (μ)

Confidence level (1 – α)

0.998 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.90

x Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper x
0 0.00000 6.91 0.00000 5.30 0.0000 4.61 0.0000 3.69 0.0000 3.00 0
1 .00100 9.23 .00501 7.43 .0101 6.64 .0253 5.57 .0513 4.74 1
2 .0454 11.23 .103 9.27 .149 8.41 .242 7.22 .355 6.30 2
3 .191 13.06 .338 10.98 .436 10.05 .619 8.77 .818 7.75 3
4 .429 14.79 .672 12.59 .823 11.60 1.09 10.24 1.37 9.15 4
5 0.739 16.45 1.08 14.15 1.28 13.11 1.62 11.67 1.97 10.51 5
6 1.11 18.06 1.54 15.66 1.79 14.57 2.20 13.06 2.61 11.84 6
7 1.52 19.63 2.04 17.13 2.33 16.00 2.81 14.42 3.29 13.15 7
8 1.97 21.16 2.57 18.58 2.91 17.40 3.45 15.76 3.98 14.43 8
9 2.45 22.66 3.13 20.00 3.51 18.78 4.12 17.08 4.70 15.71 9
10 2.96 24.13 3.72 21.40 4.13 20.14 4.80 18.39 5.43 16.96 10
11 3.49 25.59 4.32 22.78 4.77 21.49 5.49 19.68 6.17 18.21 11
12 4.04 27.03 4.94 24.14 5.43 22.82 6.20 20.96 6.92 19.44 12
13 4.61 28.45 5.58 25.50 6.10 24.14 6.92 22.23 7.69 20.67 13
14 5.20 29.85 6.23 26.84 6.78 25.45 7.65 23.49 8.46 21.89 14
15 5.79 31.24 6.89 28.16 7.48 26.74 8.40 24.74 9.25 23.10 15
16 6.41 32.62 7.57 29.48 8.18 28.03 9.15 25.98 10.04 24.30 16
17 7.03 33.99 8.25 30.79 8.89 29.31 9.90 27.22 10.83 25.50 17
18 7.66 35.35 8.94 32.09 9.62 30.58 10.67 28.45 11.63 26.69 18
19 8.31 36.70 9.64 33.38 10.35 31.85 11.44 29.67 12.44 27.88 19
20 8.96 38.04 10.35 34.67 11.08 33.10 12.22 30.89 13.25 29.06 20
21 9.62 39.38 11.07 35.95 11.82 34.36 13.00 32.10 14.07 30.24 21
22 10.29 40.70 11.79 37.22 12.57 35.60 13.79 33.31 14.89 31.42 22
23 10.96 42.02 12.52 38.48 13.33 36.84 14.58 34.51 15.72 32.59 23
24 11.65 43.33 13.25 39.74 14.09 38.08 15.38 35.71 16.55 33.75 24
25 12.34 44.64 14.00 41.00 14.85 39.31 16.18 36.90 17.38 34.92 25
26 13.03 45.94 14.74 42.25 15.62 40.53 16.98 38.10 18.22 36.08 26
27 13.73 47.23 15.49 43.50 16.40 41.76 17.79 39.28 19.06 37.23 27
28 14.44 48.52 16.24 44.74 17.17 42.98 18.61 40.47 19.90 38.39 28
29 15.15 49.80 17.00 45.98 17.96 44.19 19.42 41.65 20.75 39.54 29
30 15.87 51.08 17.77 47.21 18.74 45.40 20.24 42.83 21.59 40.69 30
35 19.52 57.42 21.64 53.32 22.72 51.41 24.38 48.68 25.87 46.40 35
40 23.26 63.66 25.59 59.36 26.77 57.35 28.58 54.47 30.20 52.07 40
45 27.08 69.83 29.60 65.34 30.88 63.23 32.82 60.21 34.56 57.69 45
50 30.96 75.94 33.66 71.27 35.03 69.07 37.11 65.92 38.96 63.29 50
Note: If X is the random variable denoting the observed number of events and μ1, μ2 are the lower and upper confidence limits for its expectation, μ, then
Pr(μ1 ≤ μ ≤ μ2) = 1 – α.
Source: Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 3rd edition, Volume 1, edited by E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley. Published for the Biometrika Trustees, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1966.
882 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 8 Percentage points of the F distribution (Fd1,d 2,p )

df for df for numerator, d1

denominator,
d2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 24 ∞
1 .90 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 60.71 62.00 63.33
.95 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 243.9 249.1 254.3
.975 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 976.7 997.2 1018.
.99 4052. 5000. 5403. 5625. 5764. 5859. 5928. 5981. 6106. 6235. 6366.
.995 16211. 20000. 21615. 22500. 23056. 23437. 23715. 23925. 24426. 24940. 25464.
.999 405280. 500000. 540380. 562500. 576400. 585940. 592870. 598140. 610670. 623500. 636620.
2 .90 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.41 9.45 9.49
.95 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.41 19.45 19.50
.975 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.42 39.46 39.50
.99 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.42 99.46 99.50
.995 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.5 199.5
.999 998.5 999.0 999.2 999.2 999.3 999.3 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.5 999.5
3 .90 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.22 5.18 5.13
.95 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.74 8.64 8.53
.975 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.74 14.62 14.54 14.34 14.12 13.90
.99 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.05 26.60 26.13
.995 55.55 49.80 47.47 46.20 45.39 44.84 44.43 44.13 43.39 42.62 41.83
.999 167.00 148.5 141.1 137.1 134.6 132.8 131.6 130.6 128.3 125.9 123.5
4 .90 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.90 3.83 3.76
.95 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 5.91 5.77 5.63
.975 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.75 8.51 8.26
.99 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.37 13.93 13.46
.995 31.33 26.28 24.26 23.16 22.46 21.98 21.62 21.35 20.70 20.03 19.32
.999 74.14 61.25 56.18 53.44 51.71 50.53 49.66 49.00 47.41 45.77 44.05
5 .90 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.27 3.19 3.10
.95 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.68 4.53 4.36
.975 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.52 6.28 6.02
.99 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 9.89 9.47 9.02
.995 22.78 18.31 16.53 15.56 14.94 14.51 14.20 13.96 13.38 12.78 12.14
.999 47.18 37.12 33.20 31.09 29.75 28.83 28.16 27.65 26.42 25.13 23.79
6 .90 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.72
.95 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.00 3.84 3.67
.975 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.37 5.12 4.85
.99 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.72 7.31 6.88
.995 18.64 14.54 12.92 12.03 11.46 11.07 10.79 10.57 10.03 9.47 8.88
.999 35.51 27.00 23.70 21.92 20.80 20.03 19.46 19.03 17.99 16.90 15.75
7 .90 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.47
.95 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.57 3.41 3.23
.975 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.67 4.42 4.14
.99 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.47 6.07 5.65
.995 16.24 12.40 10.88 10.05 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.18 7.65 7.08
.999 29.25 21.69 18.77 17.20 16.21 15.52 15.02 14.63 13.71 12.73 11.70
8 .90 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.50 2.40 2.29
.95 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.28 3.12 2.93
.975 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.20 3.95 3.67
.99 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.67 5.28 4.86
.995 14.69 11.04 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.01 6.50 5.95
.999 25.42 18.49 15.83 14.39 13.49 12.86 12.40 12.04 11.19 10.30 9.33
9 .90 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.38 2.28 2.16
.95 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.07 2.90 2.71
.975 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 3.87 3.61 3.33
.99 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.11 4.73 4.31
.995 13.61 10.11 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.23 5.73 5.19
.999 22.86 16.39 13.90 12.56 11.71 11.13 10.70 10.37 9.57 8.72 7.81
10 .90 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.28 2.18 2.06
.95 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 2.91 2.74 2.54
.975 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.62 3.37 3.08
.99 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.71 4.33 3.91
.995 12.83 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.66 5.17 4.64
.999 21.04 14.91 12.55 11.28 10.48 9.93 9.52 9.20 8.45 7.64 6.76
12 .90 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.15 2.04 1.90
.95 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.69 2.51 2.30
.975 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.28 3.02 2.72

(continued on next page)

 APPENDIX Tables 883

TA B LE 8 Percentage points of the F distribution (Fd1,d 2,p ) (continued)

df for df for numerator, d1

denominator,
d2 p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 24 ∞
.99 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.16 3.78 3.36
.995 11.75 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 4.91 4.43 3.90
.999 18.64 12.97 10.80 9.63 8.89 8.38 8.00 7.71 7.00 6.25 5.42
14 .90 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.05 1.94 1.80
.95 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.53 2.35 2.13
.975 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.05 2.79 2.49
.99 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 3.80 3.43 3.00
.995 11.06 7.92 6.68 6.00 5.56 5.26 5.03 4.86 4.43 3.96 3.44
.999 17.14 11.78 9.73 8.62 7.92 7.44 7.08 6.80 6.13 5.41 4.60
16 .90 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 1.99 1.87 1.72
.95 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.42 2.24 2.01
.975 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 2.89 2.63 2.32
.99 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.55 3.18 2.75
.995 10.58 7.51 6.30 5.64 5.21 4.91 4.69 4.52 4.10 3.64 3.11
.999 16.12 10.97 9.01 7.94 7.27 6.80 6.46 6.19 5.55 4.85 4.06
18 .90 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 1.93 1.81 1.66
.95 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.34 2.15 1.92
.975 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.77 2.50 2.19
.99 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.37 3.00 2.57
.995 10.22 7.21 6.03 5.37 4.96 4.66 4.44 4.28 3.86 3.40 2.87
.999 15.38 10.39 8.49 7.46 6.81 6.35 6.02 5.76 5.13 4.45 3.67
20 .90 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.89 1.77 1.61
.95 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.28 2.08 1.84
.975 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.68 2.41 2.09
.99 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.23 2.86 2.42
.995 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.68 3.22 2.69
.999 14.82 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02 5.69 5.44 4.82 4.15 3.38
30 .90 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.77 1.64 1.46
.95 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.09 1.89 1.62
.975 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.41 2.14 1.79
.99 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 2.84 2.47 2.01
.995 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.18 2.73 2.18
.999 13.29 8.77 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12 4.82 4.58 4.00 3.36 2.59
40 .90 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.71 1.57 1.38
.95 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.00 1.79 1.51
.975 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.29 2.01 1.64
.99 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.66 2.29 1.80
.995 8.83 6.07 4.98 4.37 3.99 3.71 3.51 3.35 2.95 2.50 1.93
.999 12.61 8.25 6.59 5.70 5.13 4.73 4.44 4.21 3.64 3.01 2.23
60 .90 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.66 1.51 1.29
.95 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 1.92 1.70 1.39
.975 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.17 1.88 1.48
.99 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.50 2.12 1.60
.995 8.49 5.80 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 2.74 2.29 1.69
.999 11.97 7.77 6.17 5.31 4.76 4.37 4.09 3.86 3.32 2.69 1.89
120 .90 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.60 1.45 1.19
.95 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.83 1.61 1.25
.975 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.05 1.76 1.31
.99 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.34 1.95 1.38
.995 8.18 5.54 4.50 3.92 3.55 3.28 3.09 2.93 2.54 2.09 1.43
.999 11.38 7.32 5.78 4.95 4.42 4.04 3.77 3.55 3.02 2.40 1.54
∞ .90 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.55 1.38 1.00
.95 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.75 1.52 1.00
.975 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 1.94 1.64 1.00
.99 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.18 1.79 1.00
.995 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.74 2.36 1.90 1.00
.999 10.83 6.91 5.42 4.62 4.10 3.74 3.47 3.27 2.74 2.13 1.00

Note: Fd ,d ,p
= pth percentile of an F distribution with d1 and d2 degrees of freedom.
1 2
Source: Based on the Biometrika Trustees, from Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 2, edited by E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley.
884 APPENDIX Tables

TAB LE 9 Critical values for the ESD (Extreme Studentized Deviate)

outlier statistic (ESDn,1–α , α = .05, .01)

1–α 1–α

n .95 .99 n .95 .99

5 1.72 1.76 25 2.82 3.14

6 1.89 1.97 26 2.84 3.16
7 2.02 2.14 27 2.86 3.18
8 2.13 2.28 28 2.88 3.20
9 2.21 2.39 29 2.89 3.22
10 2.29 2.48 30 2.91 3.24
11 2.36 2.56 35 2.98 3.32
12 2.41 2.64 40 3.04 3.38
13 2.46 2.70 45 3.09 3.44
14 2.51 2.75 50 3.13 3.48
15 2.55 2.81 60 3.20 3.56
16 2.59 2.85 70 3.26 3.62
17 2.62 2.90 80 3.31 3.67
18 2.65 2.93 90 3.35 3.72
19 2.68 2.97 100 3.38 3.75
20 2.71 3.00 150 3.52 3.89
21 2.73 3.03 200 3.61 3.98
22 2.76 3.06 300 3.72 4.09
23 2.78 3.08 400 3.80 4.17
24 2.80 3.11 500 3.86 4.23
Note: For values of n not found in the table, the percentiles can be evaluated using the formula ESDn,1–α =
t n−2 , p (n − 1)
, where p = 1 – [α/(2n)].
n(n − 2 + t n2−2 , p)

TA B LE 10 Two-tailed critical values for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test

.10 .05 .02 .01

na Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
1 — — — —
2 — — — —
3 — — — —
4 — — — —
5 0 15 — — —
6 2 19 0 21 — —
7 3 25 2 26 0 28 —
8 5 31 3 33 1 35 0 36
9 8 37 5 40 3 42 1 44
10 10 45 8 47 5 50 3 52
11 13 53 10 56 7 59 5 61
12 17 61 13 65 9 69 7 71
13 21 70 17 74 12 79 9 82
14 25 80 21 84 15 90 12 93
15 30 90 25 95 19 101 15 105
n = number of untied pairs.
a

Source: Figures from “Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables,” 6th edition.

 APPENDIX Tables 885

TA B LE 1 1 Two-tailed critical values for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test

α = .10 α = .05
n1a n1

n2b 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tlc Trd Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr T l Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr
4 11–25 17–33 24–42 32–52 41–63 51–75 10–26 16–34 23–43 31–53 40–64 49–77
5 12–28 19–36 26–46 34–57 44–68 54–81 11–29 17–38 24–48 33–58 42–70 52–83
6 13–31 20–40 28–50 36–62 46–74 57–87 12–32 18–42 26–52 34–64 44–76 55–89
7 14–34 21–44 29–55 39–66 49–79 60–93 13–35 20–45 27–57 36–69 46–82 57–96
8 15–37 23–47 31–59 41–71 51–85 63–99 14–38 21–49 29–61 38–74 49–87 60–102
9 16–40 24–51 33–63 43–76 54–90 66–105 14–42 22–53 31–65 40–79 51–93 62–109
10 17–43 26–54 35–67 45–81 56–96 69–111 15–45 23–57 32–70 42–84 53–99 65–115
11 18–46 27–58 37–71 47–86 59–101 72–117 16–48 24–61 34–74 44–89 55–105 68–121
12 19–49 28–62 38–76 49–91 62–106 75–123 17–51 26–64 35–79 46–94 58–110 71–127
13 20–52 30–65 40–80 52–95 64–112 78–129 18–54 27–68 37–83 48–99 60–116 73–134
14 21–55 31–69 42–84 54–100 67–117 81–135 19–57 28–72 38–88 50–104 62–122 76–140
15 22–58 33–72 44–88 56–105 69–123 84–141 20–60 29–76 40–92 52–109 65–127 79–146
16 24–60 34–76 46–92 58–110 72–128 87–147 21–63 30–80 42–96 54–114 67–133 82–152
17 25–63 35–80 47–97 61–114 75–133 90–153 21–67 32–83 43–101 56–119 70–138 84–159
18 26–66 37–83 49–101 63–119 77–139 93–159 22–70 33–87 45–105 58–124 72–144 87–165
19 27–69 38–87 51–105 65–124 80–144 96–165 23–73 34–91 46–110 60–129 74–150 90–171
20 28–72 40–90 53–109 67–129 83–149 99–171 24–76 35–95 48–114 62–134 77–155 93–177
21 29–75 41–94 55–113 69–134 85–155 102–177 25–79 37–98 50–118 64–139 79–161 95–184
22 30–78 43–97 57–117 72–138 88–160 105–183 26–82 38–102 51–123 66–144 81–167 98–190
23 31–81 44–101 58–122 74–143 90–166 108–189 27–85 39–106 53–127 68–149 84–172 101–196
24 32–84 45–105 60–126 76–148 93–171 111–195 27–89 40–110 54–132 70–154 86–178 104–202
25 33–87 47–108 62–130 78–153 96–176 114–201 28–92 42–113 56–136 72–159 89–183 107–208
26 34–90 48–112 64–134 81–157 98–182 117–207 29–95 43–117 58–140 74–164 91–189 109–215
27 35–93 50–115 66–138 83–162 101–187 120–213 30–98 44–121 59–145 76–169 93–195 112–221
28 36–96 51–119 67–143 85–167 103–193 123–219 31–101 45–125 61–149 78–174 96–200 115–227
29 37–99 53–122 69–147 87–172 106–198 126–225 32–104 47–128 63–153 80–179 98–206 118–233
30 38–102 54–126 71–151 89–177 109–203 129–231 33–107 48–132 64–158 82–184 101–211 121–239
31 39–105 55–130 73–155 92–181 111–209 132–237 34–110 49–136 66–162 84–189 103–217 123–246
32 40–108 57–133 75–159 94–186 114–214 135–243 34–114 50–140 67–167 86–194 106–222 126–252
33 41–111 58–137 77–163 96–191 117–219 138–249 35–117 52–143 69–171 88–199 108–228 129–258
34 42–114 60–140 78–168 98–196 119–225 141–255 36–120 53–147 71–175 90–204 110–234 132–264
35 43–117 61–144 80–172 100–201 122–230 144–261 37–123 54–151 72–180 92–209 113–239 135–270
36 44–120 62–148 82–176 102–206 124–236 148–266 38–126 55–155 74–184 94–214 115–245 137–277
37 45–123 64–151 84–180 105–210 127–241 151–272 39–129 57–158 76–188 96–219 117–251 140–283
38 46–126 65–155 85–185 107–215 130–246 154–278 40–132 58–162 77–193 98–224 120–256 143–289
39 47–129 67–158 87–189 109–220 132–252 157–284 41–135 59–166 79–197 100–229 122–262 146–295
40 48–132 68–162 89–193 111–225 135–257 160–290 41–139 60–170 80–202 102–234 125–267 149–301
41 49–135 69–166 91–197 114–229 138–262 163–296 42–142 61–174 82–206 104–239 127–273 151–308
42 50–138 71–169 93–201 116–234 140–268 166–302 43–145 63–177 84–210 106–244 129–279 154–314
43 51–141 72–173 95–205 118–239 143–273 169–308 44–148 64–181 85–215 108–249 132–284 157–320
44 52–144 74–176 96–210 120–244 146–278 172–314 45–151 65–185 87–219 110–254 134–290 160–326
45 53–147 75–180 98–214 123–248 148–284 175–320 46–154 66–189 88–224 112–259 137–295 163–332
46 55–149 77–183 100–218 125–253 151–289 178–326 47–157 68–192 90–228 114–264 139–301 165–339
47 56–152 78–187 102–222 127–258 154–294 181–332 48–160 69–196 92–232 116–269 141–307 168–345
48 57–155 79–191 104–226 129–263 156–300 184–338 48–164 70–200 93–237 118–274 144–312 171–351
49 58–158 81–194 106–230 132–267 159–305 187–344 49–167 71–204 95–241 120–279 146–318 174–357
50 59–161 82–198 107–235 134–272 162–310 190–350 50–170 73–207 97–245 122–284 149–323 177–363

a
n1 = minimum of the two sample sizes. c
Tl = lower critical value for the rank sum in the first sample.
b
n2 = maximum of the two sample sizes. d
Tr = upper critical value for the rank sum in the first sample.
886 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 1 1 Two-tailed critical values for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (continued)

α = .02 α = .01
n1a n1

n2b 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tlc Trd Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr T l Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr Tl Tr

4 — — 15–35 22–44 29–55 38–66 48–78 — — — — 21–45 28–56 37–67 46–80

5 10–30 16–39 23–49 31–60 40–72 50–85 — — 15–40 22–50 29–62 38–74 48–87
6 11–33 17–43 24–54 32–66 42–78 52–92 10–34 16–44 23–55 31–67 40–80 50–94
7 11–37 18–47 25–59 34–71 43–85 54–99 10–38 16–49 24–60 32–73 42–86 52–101
8 12–40 19–51 27–63 35–77 45–91 56–106 11–41 17–53 25–65 34–78 43–93 54–108
9 13–43 20–55 28–68 37–82 47–97 59–112 11–45 18–57 26–70 35–84 45–99 56–115
10 13–47 21–59 29–73 39–87 49–103 61–119 12–48 19–61 27–75 37–89 47–105 58–122
11 14–50 22–63 30–78 40–93 51–109 63–126 12–52 20–65 28–80 38–95 49–111 61–128
12 15–53 23–67 32–82 42–98 53–115 66–132 13–55 21–69 30–84 40–100 51–117 63–135
13 15–57 24–71 33–87 44–103 56–120 68–139 13–59 22–73 31–89 41–106 53–123 65–142
14 16–60 25–75 34–92 45–109 58–126 71–145 14–62 22–78 32–94 43–111 54–130 67–149
15 17–63 26–79 36–96 47–114 60–132 73–152 15–65 23–82 33–99 44–117 56–136 69–156
16 17–67 27–83 37–101 49–119 62–138 76–158 15–69 24–86 34–104 46–122 58–142 72–162
17 18–70 28–87 39–105 51–124 64–144 78–165 16–72 25–90 36–108 47–128 60–148 74–169
18 19–73 29–91 40–110 52–130 66–150 81–171 16–76 26–94 37–113 49–133 62–154 76–176
19 19–77 30–95 41–115 54–135 68–156 83–178 17–79 27–98 38–118 50–139 64–160 78–183
20 20–80 31–99 43–119 56–140 70–162 85–185 18–82 28–102 39–123 52–144 66–166 81–189
21 21–83 32–103 44–124 58–145 72–168 88–191 18–86 29–106 40–128 53–150 68–172 83 196
22 21–87 33–107 45–129 59–151 74–174 90–198 19–89 29–111 42–132 55–155 70–178 85–203
23 22–90 34 111 47–133 61–156 76–180 93–204 19–93 30–115 43–137 57–160 71–185 88–209
24 23–93 35 115 48 138 63–161 78–186 95–211 20–96 31–119 44–142 58–166 73–191 90–216
25 23–97 36 119 50 142 64–167 81–191 98–217 20–100 32–123 45–147 60–171 75–197 92–223
26 24–100 37–123 51–147 66–172 83–197 100–224 21–103 33–127 46–152 61–177 77–203 94–230
27 25–103 38–127 52–152 68–177 85–203 103–230 22–106 34–131 48–156 63–182 79–209 97–236
28 26–106 39–131 54–156 70–182 87–209 105–237 22–110 35–135 49–161 64–188 81–215 99–243
29 26–110 40–135 55–161 71–188 89–215 108–243 23–113 36–139 50–166 66–193 83–221 101–250
30 27–113 41–139 56–166 73–193 91–221 110–250 23–117 37–143 51–171 68–198 85–227 103–257
31 28–116 42–143 58–170 75–198 93–227 112–257 24–120 37–148 53–175 68–204 87–233 106–263
32 28–120 43–147 59–175 77–203 95–233 115–263 24–124 38–152 54–180 71–209 89–239 108–270
33 29–123 44–151 61–179 78–209 97–239 117–270 25–127 39–156 55–185 72–215 90–246 110–277
34 30–126 45–155 62–184 79–215 99–245 120–276 26–130 40–160 56–190 73–221 92–252 112–284
35 30–130 46–159 63–189 81–220 101–251 122–283 26–134 41–164 57–195 75–226 94–258 114–291
36 31–133 47–163 65–193 83–225 103–257 125–289 27–137 42–168 58–200 76–232 96–264 117–297
37 32–136 48–167 66–198 84–231 105–263 127–296 28–140 43–172 60–204 78–237 98–270 119–304
38 32–140 49–171 67–203 86–236 107–269 129–303 28–144 44–176 61–209 79–243 100–276 121–311
39 33–143 50–175 69–207 88–241 109–275 132–309 29–147 45–180 62–214 81–248 102–282 123–318
40 34–146 51–179 70–212 90–246 111–281 134–316 29–151 46–184 63–219 82–254 103–289 126–324
41 34–150 52–183 72–216 91–252 113–287 137–322 30–154 46–189 65–223 84–259 105–295 128–331
42 35–153 53–187 73–221 93–257 116–292 139–329 31–157 47–193 66–228 85–265 107–301 130–338
43 35–157 54–191 74–226 95–262 118–298 142–335 31–161 48–197 67–233 87–270 109–307 133–344
44 36–160 55–195 76–230 97–267 120–304 144–342 32–164 49–201 68–238 88–276 111–313 135–351
45 37–163 56–199 77–235 98–273 122–310 147–348 32–168 50–205 69–243 90–281 113–319 137–358
46 37–167 57–203 78–240 100–278 124–316 149–355 33–171 51–209 71–247 91–287 115–325 139–365
47 38–170 58–207 80–244 102–283 126–322 152–361 34–174 52–213 72–252 93–292 117–331 142–371
48 39–173 59–211 81–249 103–289 128–328 154–368 34–178 53–217 73–257 95–297 118–338 144–378
49 39–177 60–215 82–254 105–294 130–334 157–374 35–181 54–221 74–262 96–303 120–344 146–385
50 40–180 61–219 84–258 107–299 132–340 159–381 36–184 55–225 76–266 98–308 122–350 148–392

Source: The data of this table are from Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables, 6th edition.
 APPENDIX Tables 887

TA B LE 1 2 Fisher’s z transformation

r z r z r z r z r z
.00 .000
.01 .010 .21 .213 .41 .436 .61 .709 .81 1.127
.02 .020 .22 .224 .42 .448 .62 .725 .82 1.157
.03 .030 .23 .234 .43 .460 .63 .741 .83 1.188
.04 .040 .24 .245 .44 .472 .64 .758 .84 1.221
.05 .050 .25 .255 .45 .485 .65 .775 .85 1.256
.06 .060 .26 .266 .46 .497 .66 .793 .86 1.293
.07 .070 .27 .277 .47 .510 .67 .811 .87 1.333
.08 .080 .28 .288 .48 .523 .68 .829 .88 1.376
.09 .090 .29 .299 .49 .536 .69 .848 .89 1.422
.10 .100 .30 .310 .50 .549 .70 .867 .90 1.472
.11 .110 .31 .321 .51 .563 .71 .887 .91 1.528
.12 .121 .32 .332 .52 .576 .72 .908 .92 1.589
.13 .131 .33 .343 .53 .590 .73 .929 .93 1.658
.14 .141 .34 .354 .54 .604 .74 .950 .94 1.738
.15 .151 .35 .365 .55 .618 .75 .973 .95 1.832
.16 .161 .36 .377 .56 .633 .76 .996 .96 1.946
.17 .172 .37 .388 .57 .648 .77 1.020 .97 2.092
.18 .182 .38 .400 .58 .662 .78 1.045 .98 2.298
.19 .192 .39 .412 .59 .678 .79 1.071 .99 2.647
.20 .203 .40 .424 .60 .693 .80 1.099
888 APPENDIX Tables

TAB LE 1 3 Two-tailed upper critical values for the Spearman

rank-correlation coefficient (rs)

n .10 .05 .02 .01

1 — — — —
2 — — — —
3 — — — —
4 1.0 — — —
5 .900 1.0 1.0 —
6 .829 .886 .943 1.0
7 .714 .786 .893 .929
8 .643 .738 .833 .881
9 .600 .683 .783 .833

Source: The data for this table have been adapted from E. G. Olds (1938), “Distributions
of Sums of Squares of Rank Differences for Small Numbers of Individuals,” Annals of
Mathematical Statistics, 9, 133–148.
 APPENDIX Tables 889

TA B LE 14 Critical values for the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic (H ) for selected sample sizes for k = 3

n1 n2 n3 .10 .05 .02 .01

1 1 2 — — — —
1 1 3 — — — —
1 1 4 — — — —
1 1 5 — — — —
1 2 2 — — — —
1 2 3 4.286 — — —
1 2 4 4.500 — — —
1 2 5 4.200 5.000 — —
1 3 3 4.571 5.143 — —
1 3 4 4.056 5.389 — —
1 3 5 4.018 4.960 6.400 —
1 4 4 4.167 4.967 6.667 —
1 4 5 3.987 4.986 6.431 6.954
1 5 5 4.109 5.127 6.146 7.309
2 2 2 4.571 — — —
2 2 3 4.500 4.714 — —
2 2 4 4.500 5.333 6.000 —
2 2 5 4.373 5.160 6.000 6.533
2 3 3 4.694 5.361 6.250 —
2 3 4 4.511 5.444 6.144 6.444
2 3 5 4.651 5.251 6.294 6.909
2 4 4 4.554 5.454 6.600 7.036
2 4 5 4.541 5.273 6.541 7.204
2 5 5 4.623 5.338 6.469 7.392
3 3 3 5.067 5.689 6.489 7.200
3 3 4 4.709 5.791 6.564 7.000
3 3 5 4.533 5.648 6.533 7.079
3 4 4 4.546 5.598 6.712 7.212
3 4 5 4.549 5.656 6.703 7.477
3 5 5 4.571 5.706 6.866 7.622
4 4 4 4.654 5.692 6.962 7.654
4 4 5 4.668 5.657 6.976 7.760
4 5 5 4.523 5.666 7.000 7.903
5 5 5 4.580 5.780 7.220 8.000

Source: The data for this table have been adapted from Table F of A Nonparametric Introduction to Statistics by C.H. Kraft and C. Van Eeden, Macmillan,
New York, 1968.
890 APPENDIX Tables

TA B LE 15 Critical values for the studentized range statistic q*, α = .05

ν k: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 17.97 26.98 32.82 37.08 40.41 43.12 45.40 47.36 49.07
2 6.085 8.331 9.798 10 88 11.74 12.44 13.03 13.54 13.99
3 4.501 5.910 6.825 7.502 8.037 8.478 8.853 9.177 9.462
4 3.927 5.040 5.757 6.287 6.707 7.053 7.347 7.602 7.826
5 3.635 4.602 5.218 5.673 6.033 5.330 6.582 6.802 6.995
6 3.461 4.339 4.896 5.305 5.628 5.895 6.122 6.319 6.493
7 3.344 4.165 4.681 5.060 5.359 5 606 5.815 5.998 6.158
8 3.261 4.041 4.529 4.886 5.167 5.399 5.597 5.767 5.918
9 3.199 3.949 4.415 4.756 5.024 5.244 5.432 5.595 5.739
10 3.151 3.877 4.327 4.654 4.912 5.124 5.305 5.461 5.599
11 3.113 3.820 4.256 4.574 4.823 5.028 5.202 5.353 5.487
12 3.082 3.773 4.199 4.508 4.751 4.950 5.119 5.265 5.395
13 3.055 3.735 4.151 4.453 4.690 4.885 5.049 5.192 5.318
14 3.033 3.702 4.111 4.407 4.639 4.829 4.990 5.131 5.254
15 3.014 3.674 4.076 4.367 4.595 4.782 4.940 5.077 5.198
16 2.998 3.649 4.046 4.333 4.557 4.741 4.897 5.031 5.150
17 2.984 3.628 4.020 4.303 4.524 4.705 4.858 4.991 5.108
13 2.971 3.609 3.997 4.277 4.495 4.673 4.824 4.956 5.071
19 2.960 3.593 3.977 4.253 4.469 4.645 4.794 4.924 5.038
20 2.950 3.578 3.958 4.232 4.445 4.620 4.768 4.896 5.008
24 2.919 3.532 3.901 4.166 4.373 4.541 4.684 4.807 4.915
30 2.888 3.486 3.845 4.102 4.302 4.464 4.602 4.720 4.824
40 2.858 3.442 3.791 4.039 4.232 4.389 4.521 4.635 4.735
6O 2.829 3.399 3.737 3.977 4.163 4.314 4.441 4.550 4.646
120 2.800 3.356 3.685 3.917 4.096 4.241 4.363 4.468 4.560
∞ 2.772 3.314 3.633 3.858 4.030 4.170 4.286 4.387 4.474
k: 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 5.059 51.96 53.20 54.33 55.36 56.32 57.22 58.04 58.83
2 14.39 14.75 15.08 15.38 15.65 1.591 16.14 16.37 16.57
3 9.717 9.946 10.15 10.35 10.53 10.69 10.84 10 98 11.11
4 8.027 8.208 8.373 8.525 8664 8.794 8.914 9.028 9.134
5 7.168 7.324 7.466 7.596 7.717 7.828 7.932 8.030 8.122
6 6.649 6.789 6.917 7.034 7.143 7.244 7.338 7.426 7.508
7 6.302 6.431 6.550 6.658 6.759 6.852 6.939 7.020 7.097
8 6.054 6.175 6.287 6.389 6.483 6.571 6.653 6.729 6.802
9 5.867 5.983 6.089 6.186 6.276 6.359 6.437 6.510 6.579
10 5.722 5.833 5.935 6.028 6.114 6.194 6.269 6.339 6.405
11 5.605 5.713 5.811 5.901 5.984 6.062 6.134 6.202 6.265
12 5.511 5.615 5.710 5.798 5.878 5.953 6.023 6.089 6.151
13 5.431 5.533 5.625 5.711 5.789 5.862 5.931 5.995 6.055
14 5.364 5.463 5.554 5.637 5.714 5.786 5.852 5.915 5.974
15 5.306 5.404 5.493 5.574 5.649 5.720 5.785 5.846 5.904
16 5.256 5.352 5.439 5.520 5.593 5.662 5.727 5.786 5.843
17 5.212 5.307 5.392 5.471 5.544 5.612 5.675 5.734 5.790
18 5.174 5.267 5.352 5.429 5.501 5.568 5.630 5.688 5.242
19 5.140 5.231 5.315 5.391 5.462 5.528 5.589 5.647 5.701
20 5.108 5.199 5.282 5.357 5.427 5.493 5.553 5.610 5.663
24 5.012 5.099 5.179 5.251 5.319 5.381 5.439 5.494 5.545
30 4.917 5.001 5.077 5.147 5.211 5.271 5.327 5.379 5.42S
40 4.824 4.904 4.977 5.044 5.106 5.163 5.216 5.266 5.313
50 4.732 4.808 4.878 4.942 5.001 5.056 5.107 5.154 5.199
120 4.641 4.714 4.781 4.842 4.893 4.950 4.998 5.044 5.086
∞ 4.522 4.622 4.685 4.743 4.796 4.845 4.891 4.934 4.974
*qk,v,.05 = upper 5th percentile of a qk,v distribution